柴达木盆地西部七个泉地区第四纪冰川刨耕变形层理的研究

柴达木盆地西部发育了第四纪冰川冰水与湖泊沉积,其重要特点是在黄褐色的钙质砂砾和含砾钙质泥岩中发育了大量的大型冰川刨耕变形层理及相关的杆状、板状和冰凌铸模构造,大型变形层理单个层系的最大厚度可达两米;其形态非常复杂,其中的管状、鞘状变形层理及杆状、板状构造更具特点;冰水沉积的岩性也非常复杂,既有粘土岩,又有含砾粘土岩,钙泥质砂砾岩,还有砾岩;其中有种粘土砾很有特点。孢粉分析表明,其形成时代为第四纪,极有可能为更新世,与中国西部的第四纪冰期形成时代相同,但具体期次尚不能确定。柴西第四纪冰川与冰水沉积证据充分,对于研究中国第四纪冰期及青藏高原的形成演化、古气候、古地理具有重要意义。

黄河三角洲变形层理的研究

黄河三角洲发育了非常丰富的变形层理，规模不一，类型多样，成因复杂，概括起来有下列几种：泄水变形层理、重力滑动变形层理、流水牵引变形层理、沙波滑移变形层理、生物扰动变形层理、波浪改造变形层理及滑塌变形层理七种。其中以泄水变形层理和流水牵引变形层理最为常见和典型。泄水变形层理上表面往往有一乳头状或脊状的突起，有时中心有一泄水孔，与上下部层理呈突变接触。流水牵引变形层理具有五个特点：（1）变形层理之上经常可以见到没有层理或具平行层理的细泥砾（砂）层，或者逆行沙波、逆行爬升层理，显示了变形层理之上有高速水流作用；（2）有时可以看到褶曲状变形层理轴面向下游倾倒，但常常无规律可寻；（3）与上覆层理多为突变接触，与下伏层理突变或渐变接触，取决于变形强烈程度；（4）大部分变形强列，呈包卷状，囊状或管状；（5）分布稳定，有时可见多级组合产出。

黄河下游与黄河三角洲现代非地震变形层理的研究

变形层理是软沉积变形构造(SSDS)研究中的重要内容,而SSDS的研究又是沉积学、工程地质、地震学及构造地质学等近期的研究热点。但是,目前人们对地震SSDS和非地震SSDS的精确辨识还存在一定的困难,所以建立起地震与非地震SSDS的辨识标准是非常重要的,变形层理又是SSDS研究中的重中之重,因此,对变形层理的研究具有重要意义。研究表明,黄河下游现代沉积中发育了大量的变形层理,确凿的证据证明这些变形层理与地震毫无关系,因此详细地研究这些变形层理对于建立识别地震SSDS和非地震SSDS标准具有较重要意义。黄河下游(包括黄河三角洲分流河道)发育的变形层理类型及成因多样,既有典型的包卷层理,也有极不规则的一般变形层理;从成因上,既有密度或重力倒置形成的、也有波浪作用引起的滑动滑塌形成的、还有水牵引和滑动沉积物牵引形成的、甚至还有冰块拖移或压刻形成的变形层理。不同成因的变形层理具有其独特的几何学特征,可以作为其成因的可靠标志,同样也可以作为区别于地震成因的可靠标志。黄河下游发育的变形层理与黄河下游复杂的水动力条件和气候条件及沉积物粒度极细有密切关系。

贵州册亨达秧中三叠统浊积岩中大型滑移变形层理的发现及其意义

作者在野外调查中于贵州省册亨县达秧乡洛秧村云上沟发现一组"图纹石",具有精美的花纹图案,沿北东向的云上沟溪谷断续分布,长度大于2km。经初步研究,其为中三叠统许满组第四段下亚段中上部的细砂粉砂岩,岩石上的奇特花纹图案属于大型滑移变形层理,是一种特殊的软沉积变形构造,可分为4种基本类型。研究区滑移变形层理保存之完好,形态图案之精美,层系规模之宏大,为国内外同期地层中所罕见,是一种不可再生的珍稀地质遗迹资源。它的发现,不但为进一步研究我国右江三叠纪周缘前陆盆地的沉积特征、演化历程提供了新的地质资料和场所,亦对丰富和发展沉积学理论具有非常重要的科学意义。而且研究区可作为一种地质旅游资源加以保护与开发利用,对促进偏远少数民族地区的经济发展具有重要现实意义。

马来西亚巴蕾水电站坝址区风化倾斜层状岩体变形特性研究

【目的】马来西亚巴蕾水电站坝址区强风化陡倾角层状岩体变形特性参数获取困难,需要对坝址区风化倾斜层状岩体变形特性进行研究。【方法】基于水平层状岩体变形模量求解模型和坐标转换理论,考虑岩体层理变形影响效应,构建任意倾角层状岩体变形模量的求解模型,推导出倾斜层状岩体变形模量的解析方程,并通过坝址区强风化陡倾角页岩的露天堆载法岩体变形试验成果对模型的准确性和适用性进行验证。【结果】研究结果表明,坝址区强风化倾斜层状岩体的压力—变形曲线均为下凹型,与岩体的层理、裂隙分布状况密切相关。【结论】考虑层理变形影响的倾斜层状岩体变形模量计算模型可准确求解任意产状的风化层状岩体的变形模量,理论解与现场实测值的相对误差较小,且准确性随岩体完整性的提高而显著提升。

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire-arc additively manufactured Al-Cu alloy

Wire-arc additive manufacture(WAAM)has great potential for manufacturing of Al-Cu components.However,inferior mechanical properties of WAAM deposited material restrict its industrial application.Inter-layer cold rolling and thermo-mechanical heat treatment(T8)with pre-stretching deformation between solution and aging treatment were adopted in this study.Their effects on hardness,mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed and compared to the conventional heat treatment(T6).The results show that cold rolling increases the hardness and strengths,which further increase with T8 treatment.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 513 MPa and yield stress(YS)of 413 MPa can be obtained in the inter-layer cold-rolled sample with T8 treatment,which is much higher than that in the as-deposited samples.The cold-rolled samples show higher elongation than that of as-deposited ones due to significant elimination of porosity in cold rolling;while both the T6 and T8 treatments decrease the elongation.The cold rolling and pre-stretching deformation both contribute to the formation of dense and dispersive precipitatedθ′phases,which inhibits the dislocation movement and enhances the strengths;as a result,T8 treatment shows better strengthening effect than the T6 treatment.The strengthening mechanism was analyzed and it was mainly related to work hardening and precipitation strengthening.

Theoretical Calculation and Analysis of Slip and Deformation for Concrete Sandwich Panels

Slip and deformation of concrete sandwich panels under uniformly distributed loads is concerned. The effect of slip on the deformation of concrete sandwich panels are studied,and the analytical expressions of slip and deformation for concrete sandwich panels is obtained. These formulae can describe the slip distribution and account for its effect on deformation. In order to restrict the bound of formula, the formula of crack moment is obtained. The results of theoretical calculation are compared with those of tests and finite element methods. The comparison shows that the results of theoretical calculation are in accord with those of tests and finite element methods. So the theoretical calculation can be used to calculate slip and deformation of concrete sandwich panels in practical projects.

Influences of pre-existing fracture on ground deformation induced by normal faulting in mixed ground conditions

Physical model tests have been conducted by various researchers to investigate fault rupture propagation and ground deformation induced by bedrock faulting. However, the effects of pre-existing fracture on ground deformation are not fully understood. In this work, six centrifuge tests are reported to investigate the influence of pre-existing fracture on ground deformation induced by normal faulting in sand, clay and nine-layered soil with interbedded sand and clay layers. Shear box tests were conducted to develop a filter paper technique, which was adopted in soil model preparation to simulate the effects of pre-existing fracture in centrifuge tests. Centrifuge test results show that ground deformation mechanism in clay, sand and nine-layered soil strata is classified as a stationary zone, a shearing zone and a rigid body zone. Inclination of the strain localization is governed by the dilatancy of soil material. Moreover, the pre-existing fracture provides a preferential path for ground deformation and results in a scarp at the ground surface in sand. On the contrary, fault ruptures are observed at the ground surface in clay and nine-layered soil strata.

Thermo-mechanical Behaviors of Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy Timoshenko Composite Beams

This paper focuses on the thermo-mechanical behaviors of functionally graded(FG)shape memory alloy(SMA)composite beams based on Timoshenko beam theory.The volume fraction of SMA fiber is graded in the thickness of beam according to a power-law function and the equivalent parameters are formulated.The governing differential equations,which can be solved by direct integration,are established by employing the composite laminated plate theory.The influences of FG parameter,ambient temperature and SMA fiber laying angle on the thermo-mechanical behaviors are numerically simulated and discussed under different boundary conditions.Results indicate that the neutral plane does not coincide with the middle plane of the composite beam and the distribution of martensite is asymmetric along the thickness.Both the increments of the functionally graded parameter and ambient temperature make the composite beam become stiffer.However,the influence of the SMA fiber laying angle can be negligent.This work can provide the theoretical basis for the design and application of FG SMA structures.

Surface movement and deformation characteristics due to high- intensive coal mining in the windy and sandy region

As China＇s energy strategy moving westward, the surface movement and deformation characteristics due to high-intensive coal mining in the windy and sandy region become a research hotspot. Surface movement observation stations were established to monitor movement and deformation in one super-large working face. Based on field measurements, the surface movement and deformation characteristics were obtained, including angle parameters, subsidence prediction parameters, etc. Besides, the angle and subsidence prediction parameters in similar mining areas are summarized; the mechanism of surface movement and deformation was analyzed with the combination of key stratum theory, mining and geological conditions. The research also indicates that compared with conventional working faces, uniform subsidence area of the subsidence trough in the windy and sandy region is larger, the trough margins are relative steep and deformation values present convergence at the margins, the extent of the trough shrink towards the goaf and the influence time of mining activities lasts shorter; the overlying rock movement and breaking characteristics presents regional particularity in the study area, while the single key stratum, thin bedrock and thick sand that can rapidly propagate movement and deformation are the deep factors, contributing to it.

Microstructures and properties of Cu/Ag(Invar) composites fabricated by powder metallurgy

The Ag(Invar)composite powder prepared by ball milling was used to fabricate the Cu/Ag(Invar)composites.Microstructures and properties of the composites were studied after sintering and thermo-mechanical treatment.The results indicatethat during ball milling,micro-forging weld and work-hardening fracture result in that the average particle size of the Ag(Invar)powder increases rapidly at first,and then decreases sharply,finally tends to be constant.Compared with the Cu/Invar ones,thesinterability of the composites is greatly improved,resulting in that the pores in them are smaller in amount and size.After thethermo-mechanical treatment,the Cu/Ag(Invar)composites are nearly fully dense with the optimum phase composition and elementdistribution.More importantly,Cu and the Invar alloy in the composites distribute continuously in a three-dimensional(3D)networkstructure.Cu/Invar interface diffusion is effectively inhibited by the Ag barrier layer,leading to a great improvement of themechanical and thermal properties of the Cu/Ag(Invar)composites.

Free vibration analysis of a pre-twisted sandwich blade with thermal barrier coatings layers

A rotating cantilever sandwich-plate model with a pre-twisted and pre-set angle has been developed to investigate the vibrational behavior of an aero-engine turbine blade with thermal barrier coating(TBC) layers. The classic von Karman plate theory and the first-order shear deformation theory are applied to derive the energy equations of the rotating TBC blade, in which the geometric shapes, the work ambient temperature, and the TBC material properties are considered. The Chebyshev-Ritz method is used to obtain the nature frequency of the rotating TBC blade. For static frequency and modal analysis, the finite-element method(FEM)is also applied to compare and validate the results from the Chebyshev-Ritz method. A good agreement is found among these kinds of methods. For dynamic frequency, the results are analyzed in detail concerning the influence of system parameters such as the thickness of the TBC layer, the working temperature, and the pre-twisted and pre-set angle. Finally, the Campbell diagram is demonstrated to analyze the resonance property of the cantilever sandwich TBC blade model.