A new type homogeneous planar PC （photoelectric converter） on the basis of multijunction semiconductor n＋-p-p＋-n＋-p-p＋-...-n＋-p-p＋ structure has been investigated. The entire structure is a cascade PC consisti...A new type homogeneous planar PC （photoelectric converter） on the basis of multijunction semiconductor n＋-p-p＋-n＋-p-p＋-...-n＋-p-p＋ structure has been investigated. The entire structure is a cascade PC consisting of a number of elements of the structure--single PCs connected in series and illuminated by light that has consistently passed through the previous semiconductor layers. The theory of converter of both monochromatic and solar radiation has been developed and the limiting values of their photoelectric and power characteristics have been determined, including the optimal thickness and number of single PCs layered on a base PC, their spectral sensitivity, current-voltage characteristics and efficiency. The open-circuit voltage grows practically linearly with the number of elements in the cascade. The top efficiency limit for a certain optimal elements number reaches its maximum that exceeds considerably that of the base PC, especially in the range of low collecting coefficient of charge carriers in the base PC.展开更多
X-ray bright points （XBPs） are small-scale brightenings in the solar corona. Their counterparts in the lower atmosphere, how- ever, are poorly investigated. In this paper, we study the counterparts of XBPs in the up...X-ray bright points （XBPs） are small-scale brightenings in the solar corona. Their counterparts in the lower atmosphere, how- ever, are poorly investigated. In this paper, we study the counterparts of XBPs in the upper chromosphere where the Hot line center is formed. The XBPs were observed by the X-ray Telescope （XRT） aboard the Hinode spacecraft during the observing plan （HOP0124） in August 2009, coordinated with the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope （SMART） in the Kwasan and Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. It is found that there are 77 Hot brightenings in the same field of view of XRT, and among 57 XBPs, 29 have counterparts in the Hot channel. We found three types of relationship： Types a, b and c, correspond- ing to XBPs appearing first, Hot brightenings occurring first and no respective correspondence between them. Most of the strong XBPs belong to Type a. The Hot counterparts generally have double-kernel structures associated with magnetic bipoles and are cospatial with the footpoints of the XBP loops. The average lag time is -3 minutes. This implies that for Type a the heating, presumably through magnetic reconnection, occurs first in the solar upper atmosphere and then goes downwards along the small-scale magnetic loops that comprise the XBPs. In this case, the thermal conduction plays a dominant role over the non-thermal heating. Only a few events belong to Type b, which could happen when magnetic reconnection occurs in the chromosphere and produces an upward jet which heats the upper atmosphere and causes the XBP. About half of the XBPs belong to Type c. Generally they have weak emission in SXR. About 62% Hot brightenings have no corresponding XBPs. Most of them are weak and have single structures.展开更多
文摘A new type homogeneous planar PC （photoelectric converter） on the basis of multijunction semiconductor n＋-p-p＋-n＋-p-p＋-...-n＋-p-p＋ structure has been investigated. The entire structure is a cascade PC consisting of a number of elements of the structure--single PCs connected in series and illuminated by light that has consistently passed through the previous semiconductor layers. The theory of converter of both monochromatic and solar radiation has been developed and the limiting values of their photoelectric and power characteristics have been determined, including the optimal thickness and number of single PCs layered on a base PC, their spectral sensitivity, current-voltage characteristics and efficiency. The open-circuit voltage grows practically linearly with the number of elements in the cascade. The top efficiency limit for a certain optimal elements number reaches its maximum that exceeds considerably that of the base PC, especially in the range of low collecting coefficient of charge carriers in the base PC.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2011CB811402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10878002,10610099,10933003,10673004,10073005,10403003,and 11025314)
文摘X-ray bright points （XBPs） are small-scale brightenings in the solar corona. Their counterparts in the lower atmosphere, how- ever, are poorly investigated. In this paper, we study the counterparts of XBPs in the upper chromosphere where the Hot line center is formed. The XBPs were observed by the X-ray Telescope （XRT） aboard the Hinode spacecraft during the observing plan （HOP0124） in August 2009, coordinated with the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope （SMART） in the Kwasan and Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. It is found that there are 77 Hot brightenings in the same field of view of XRT, and among 57 XBPs, 29 have counterparts in the Hot channel. We found three types of relationship： Types a, b and c, correspond- ing to XBPs appearing first, Hot brightenings occurring first and no respective correspondence between them. Most of the strong XBPs belong to Type a. The Hot counterparts generally have double-kernel structures associated with magnetic bipoles and are cospatial with the footpoints of the XBP loops. The average lag time is -3 minutes. This implies that for Type a the heating, presumably through magnetic reconnection, occurs first in the solar upper atmosphere and then goes downwards along the small-scale magnetic loops that comprise the XBPs. In this case, the thermal conduction plays a dominant role over the non-thermal heating. Only a few events belong to Type b, which could happen when magnetic reconnection occurs in the chromosphere and produces an upward jet which heats the upper atmosphere and causes the XBP. About half of the XBPs belong to Type c. Generally they have weak emission in SXR. About 62% Hot brightenings have no corresponding XBPs. Most of them are weak and have single structures.
