高层建筑层风力特性实验研究

对 9种矩形截面的高层建筑物模型进行了风洞实验 ,观测了模型的层风力特征。通过对大量实验数据的处理和分析 ,研究了层风力系数和层风力功率谱密度函数在建筑物高度方向上的变化特征 ,分析了结构高、宽比和矩形截面长、宽比对高层建筑物层风力系数和局部功率谱密度函数特性的影响 。

复杂体型超高层建筑层风力功率谱函数研究

以某一高492m、具有特殊体型的超高层建筑为工程背景,研究超高层建筑层风力规格化功率谱曲线的特点并给出其数学函数模型。首先,在同济大学TJ-2边界层风洞中对该超高层建筑进行刚性模型分组同步测压风洞试验,得到各测点层的风力系数时程,并对各层风力系数的频谱特性进行分析,归纳出各层风力规格化功率谱曲线沿高度变化的特点;然后,根据试验所得的功率谱曲线的特点,给出顺风向、横风向和扭转风向的层风力规格化功率谱数学函数表达式,用该数学模型对各层风力功率谱曲线进行拟合的效果非常理想,同时,对各层风力功率谱函数的拟合参数进行归纳总结,得到统一的参数结果。研究结果表明层风力功率谱函数是有效的。

基于城市中心区实测风场的高层建筑风荷载特性

风剖面是影响高层建筑风荷载特性的主要因素。为了探究城市中心区风场下高层建筑的风荷载特性,选取了北京气象塔2013年−2017年连续观测的实测风速数据,采用指数率模型并结合城市边界层分层结构对实测风场风剖面进行了拟合。通过刚性模型风洞测压试验得到了宽厚比D/B=1,2,4三种超高层建筑在实测风场下的风荷载,并将试验结果同规范中的B、D类风场进行了对比。研究表明:基于分层结构,采用指数率模型拟合得到的实测风场幂指数为0.35,其平均风速剖面同D类风场相似,湍流度剖面则大于D类风场;与B、D类风场下的风荷载相比,实测风场对超高层建筑的平均风荷载影响较小,对脉动风荷载的影响较大,且建筑宽厚比增大后,其在实测风场下的脉动风效应显著增强;建筑基底横风向和扭转向力矩系数间具有较强的相关性,且存在极值相关性,特别是90°风向角时的D/B=4建筑,两种相关性在实测风场下均显著增强。

周边建筑干扰下超高层建筑的风荷载幅值特征

以上海陆家嘴地区的环球金融中心为研究对象,根据刚性模型测压风洞试验结果,研究在周边建筑干扰下,超高层建筑的表面风压系数和各层风力系数的幅值特征。研究发现:当密集建筑群位于环球金融中心上游时,会使其下部被遮挡面的正压力均值减小,甚至可能变成负压力,而对压力根方差的影响比较复杂,有可能使其增大2～3倍,也有可能使其减小;当金茂大厦位于环球金融中心上游时,会使其被遮挡面的正压力均值减小,甚至可能变成负压力(绝对值有可能会增大1倍),也可能使其被遮挡面的压力根方差增大1～2倍;当金茂大厦和周边密集建筑群位于环球金融中心的下游时,风压幅值的干扰效果不太明显;当金茂大厦位于环球金融中心上游时,对其中下部各层风力系数幅值影响较大,而在上游金茂大厦和密集建筑群的共同干扰下,环球金融中心下部的风力系数幅值非常紊乱。研究为超高层建筑在周边建筑干扰下的玻璃幕墙和结构抗风设计等提供参考。

宽厚比为5的超高层建筑风荷载特性研究

为了探究大宽厚比超高层建筑风荷载特性,本文开展了宽厚比D/B=5的超高层建筑刚性模型测压风洞试验,对建筑表面风压系数、层风力系数、基底力矩系数等进行了研究,并将试验结果同传统方形截面超高层建筑进行了对比。研究表明:大宽厚比建筑侧风面发生了分离流再附,且在下游角点处出现二次分离,再附点位置与湍流度有关,湍流度越小,再附点越靠后;再附流使大宽厚比建筑风压作用机制发生改变,侧风面风压梯度变化明显,风压相关性降低,背风面风压减小;与方形截面超高层建筑相比大宽厚比超高层建筑扭转向层风力系数较大,且y向(沿建筑短边方向)和扭转向层风力系数功率谱变化更加复杂,其基底y向-扭转向力矩系数间也具有较强的相关性及相干性。

Vertical axis wind turbine with omni-directional-guide-vane for urban high-rise buildings

A novel shrouded wind-solar hybrid renewable energy and rain water harvester with an omni-directional-guide-vane(ODGV) for urban high-rise application is introduced.The ODGV surrounds the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and enhances the VAWT performance by increasing the on-coming wind speed and guiding it to an optimum flow angle before it interacts with the rotor blades.An ODGV scaled model was built and tested in the laboratory.The experimental results show that the rotational speed of the VAWT increases by about 2 times.Simulations show that the installation of the ODGV increases the torque output of a single-bladed VAWT by 206% for tip speed ratio of 0.4.The result also reveals that higher positive torque can be achieved when the blade tangential force at all radial positions is optimized.In conclusion,the ODGV improves the power output of a VAWT and this integrated design promotes the installation of wind energy systems in urban areas.

Wind response of high-rise building in diversified inlets to construct wind turbine system on roof

Many skyscrapers have installed wind turbine systems to use new renewable energy. In particular, building an integrated wind power generation system by installing a wind power generator inside a building is an attractive method to secure safe energy. However, most studies have dealt with the efficiency of wind turbines and the response effects of wind induced vibration; space preparation for wind turbine installations has not been sufficiently considered. This work reviewed the shapes of openings where wind turbines can be installed in skyscrapers, and the characteristics of wind induced vibration responses occurring in the building with changes in cross sectional area. Nine wind power models were constructed to carry out the experiment. According to the experimental results, wind speed varies with shape of opening in the order of C-type>S-type>R-type. Moreover, wind speed increases as the area is reduced.

Wind Force Coefficients for Designing Porous Canopy Roofs

Wind force coefficients for designing porous canopy roofs have been investigated based on a series of wind tunnel experiments. Gable, troughed and mono-sloped roofs were tested. The roof models were made of 0.5 mm thick perforated duralumin plates, the porosity of which was changed from 0 to about 0.4. Overall aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the roof model were measured in a turbulent boundary layer with a six-component force balance for various wind directions. The results indicate that the wind loads on canopy roofs generally decrease with an increase in porosity of the roof. Assuming that the roof is rigid and supported by the four corner columns with no walls, the axial forces induced in the columns are regarded as the most important load effect for discussing the design wind loads. Two loading patterns causing the maximum tension and compression in the columns are considered. Based on a combination of the lift and moment coefficients, the design wind force coefficients on the windward and leeward halves of the roof are presented for the two loading patterns as a function of the roof pitch and porosity. The effect of porosity is taken into account as a reduction factor of the wind loads.

Wind Loading on a Hyperbolic Paraboloid Free Roof

Wind loading on an H.P. （hyperbolic paraboloid） free roof has been investigated on the basis of a wind tunnel experiment. The roof models of 1 mm thickness were made of nylon resin using laser lithography. The parameters under consideration are the rise to span ratio and slope of the roof. The overall aerodynamic forces and moments were measured by a six-component force balance in a turbulent boundary layer. Based on a combination of the lift and moment coefficients, the design wind force coefficients, CNW^＊ and CNL^＊, on the windward and leeward halves of the roof are proposed. Focus is on the column axial forces induced by wind loading as the load effect for discussing the design wind loads, assuming that the roof is rigid and supported by four comer columns. Indeed, two pairs of CNW^＊ and CNL^＊, generating the maximum tension and compression in the columns, are provided for each of the two or three wind directions parallel to the roof＇s diagonal lines. The proposed values of the wind force coefficients are compared with the specified values in the Australia/New-Zealand Standard for a limited range of rise to span ratio.

Underground pressure appearance laws analysis for fully mechanized top coal slice caving on high-dipping thick coal seams

Taking Adaohai Coal Mine as the example, underground pressure appearance laws of fully mechanized top coal slice caving on high-dipping and thick coal seams. Through site visit, theoretical analysis and discrete element calculation, the research shows that, as the mining deepens, underground stress of lower sublevels is more obvious and higher than that of upper sublevels and is higher in the air return roadway than that in the air intake roadway in the area that is near to the top coal. Because the top coal is thick and gangue is caved above the support, underground pressure to the working face is relatively gentle. Immediate roof will mainly fall down along the floor. Main roof and the rock bed above the main roof will move to the mined out area along the fault in the early stage and then fall down with the mined out area later. In addition, roof pressure mainly periodically appears in two directions along the trend and the dip.

Effect of Porosity on the Wind Loads on a Hyperbolic Paraboloid Canopy Roof

A discussion is made of the wind force coefficients for designing the main wind force resisting systems of H.P. （Hyperbolic-Paraboid）-shaped porous canopy roofs on the basis of a wind tunnel experiment. Roof models with a number of small circular holes were made of nylon resin using laser lithography. The porosity was changed from 0 （solid） to 0.4. Besides the porosity, the geometric parameters of the models were the rise to span ratio and slope of the roof. The overall aerodynamic forces and moments acting on a model were measured by a six-component force balance in a turbulent boundary layer. The results indicate that the porosity significantly reduces the wind loads. The design wind force coefficients for porous canopy roofs can be provided by those for solid roofs with the same configuration multiplied by a reduction factor. The proposed wind force coefficients are verified by a comparison of the load effect predicted by the proposed wind force coefficients with the maximum load effect obtained from dynamic analyses using the time history of wind force and moment coefficients. The axial forces induced in the columns supporting the roof are regarded as the load effect for discussing the design wind loads.

新型复合结构倒Y塔架空气动力不稳定振动风洞试验研究

天津慈海桥是一种将斜拉桥和摩天轮合二为一的复合结构,为了综合理解和判断结构在风力作用下的动力特性,研究由于空气尾流作用引起的振动现象,建立复合结构的3种风洞试验模型。通过风洞试验测量,得到不同的风向与桥轴方向角度工况下的风力系数,并通过试验观察及数据分析对空气尾流振动现象发生的情况进行判断。试验及分析结果表明,在整体结构完成后不会发生空气不稳定振动现象,但在施工中只有主塔的情况下,如果共振风速与设计风速相近时,存在空气不稳定振动现象,可采取倒Y塔架间设置隔板的措施提高主塔的刚度,进而避免空气不稳定振动现象的发生。

Spatiotemporal spectrum and momentum flux of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by a typhoon

The simulation results of Typhoon Matsa （2005） by using the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model show that pro- nounced stratospheric gravity waves （GWs） are generated in the vicinity of the typhoon. Using the model output, we investi- gate the spatial structures and the temporal variations of the GWs through a three dimensional （3-d） spectral analysis, i.e. the spectrum with respect to two horizontal wavenumbers and frequency. We further derive the momentum flux carried by the GWs. Spectral investigation results show that the power spectral density （PSD） of the GWs exhibits a single-peaked spectrum, which consists primarily of a distinct spectrum at horizontal wavelength of -1000 km, time period of 12-18 h, and vertical wavelength of 7-9 kin. This spectrum is different from the spectra of GWs generated by deep convections disclosed by the previous researches. Both the PSD and momentum flux spectrum are prominent in positive kh portion, which is consistent with the fact that the GWs propagate in the upstream of mean flow. Large momentum flux is found to be associated with the GWs, and the net zonal momentum flux is 0.7845×10-3 Pa at 20 km height, which can account for -26% of the momentum flux that is required in driving the QBO phenomenon.

Simulation of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by the Typhoon Matsa in 2005

The generation of stratospheric gravity waves （GWs） due to typhoon is simulated by using a meso-scale model （WRF） with a typhoon case, the Matsa in 2005. An 8-day model run that covers the major stages of the Matsa＇s development reproduces the key features of the typhoon. For example, good agreements in the typhoon＇s track, the intensity, and the spiral clouds, as well as mean state of stratosphere, are seen between the simulation results and the observation. Simulation results clearly show that with typhoon propagates northwestward, pronounced stratospheric GWs are generated continuously in the vicinity of Matsa. The GWs exhibit the typical curve-like wave fronts away from the Typhoon Matsa, and propagate preferentially in the up- stream of the background winds. These characteristics reflect that the stratospheric GWs are closely associated with the ty- phoon, and thus the GWs are referred to as Tropical Cyclone related Gravity Waves （TC-GWs）. The results also show that these waves should have a rather large horizontal scale so that the outmost wave fronts can be seen at the distance of ~ 1000 km to the typhoon center in the horizontal plane of 20 kin. This is consistent with the phenomenon of stratospheric TC-GWs with 1000 km horizontal scale disclosed by the previous observational analysis results.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical simulations on the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere: A review

The magnetosphere is the outermost layer of the geospace, and the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere is the key element of the space weather cause-and-effect chain process from the Sun to Earth, which is one of the most challenging scientific problems in the geospace weather study. The nonlinearity, multiple component, and time-dependent nature of the geospace make it very difficult to describe the physical process in geospace using traditional analytic analysis approach. Numerical simulations, a new research tool developed in recent decades, have a deep impact on the theory and application of the geospace. MHD simulations started at the end of the 1970s, and the initial study was limited to two-dimensional (2D) cases. Due to the intrinsic three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of the geospace, 3D MHD simulations emerged in the 1980s, in an attempt to model the large-scale structures and fundamental physical processes in the magnetosphere. They started to combine with the space exploration missions in the 1990s and make comparisons with observations. Physics-based space weather forecast models started to be developed in the 21st century. Currently only a few space-power countries such as USA and Japan have developed 3D magnetospheric MHD models. With the rapid advance of space science in China, we have developed a new global MHD model, namely PPMLR-MHD, which has high order spatial accuracy and low numerical dissipation. In this review, we will briefly introduce the global 3D MHD modeling, especially the PPMLR-MHD code, and summarize our recent work based on the PPMLR-MHD model, with an emphasis on the interaction of interplanetary shocks with the magnetosphere, large-scale current systems, reconnection voltage and transpolar potential drop, and Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability at the magnetopause.

Analytic prediction for planar turbulent boundary layers

Analytic predictions of mean velocity profile(MVP) and streamwise(x) development of related integral quantities are presented for flows in channel and turbulent boundary layer(TBL), based on a symmetry analysis of eddy length and total stress. Specific predictions include the relations for momentum Reynolds number(Reθ) with friction Reτ and streamwise Re_x: Re_θ≈ 3.27Re_τ,and Re_x/Re_θ = 4.94(lnRe_θ + 1.88)~2 + 1; the streamwise development of the friction velocity u_τ: U_e/u_τ≈ 2.22 lnRe_x + 2.86. 3.83ln(lnRe_x), and of the boundary layer thickness δ_e: x/δ_e ≈ 7.27 lnRe_x.5.18.12.52ln(lnRe_x), which are fully validated by recent reliable data.

Roles of forced and inertially unstable convection development in the onset process of Indian summer monsoon

The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal the important role of zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum played in the forced unstable convection.Results show that during the ISM onset the zero absolute vorticity contour(??=0)shifts northward due to the strong cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower troposphere over southern Arabian Sea.Thus a region with negative absolute vorticity is generated near the equator in the northern hemisphere,manifesting the evident free inertial instability.When a southerly passes through this region,under the influence of friction a lower convergence that facilitates the convection flourishing at the lower latitudes appears to the north of zero absolute vorticity contour.However,owing to such a traditional inertial instability,the convection is confined near the equator which does not have direct influence on the ISM onset.On the contrary in the region to the north of the zero absolute vorticity contour and to the south of the low pressure center near the surface,although the atmosphere there is inertially stable,the lower westerly jet can develop and bring on the apparent zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum.Both theoretical study and diagnosing analysis present that such a zonal advection of geostrophic momentum is closely associated with the zonal asymmetric distribution of meridional land-sea thermal contrast,which induces a convergence center near and further north of the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula,providing a favorable lower circulation for the ISM onset.It illustrates that the development of convection over the Arabian Sea in late spring and early summer is not only due to the frictional inertial instability but also strongly affected by the zonal asymmetric distribution of land-sea thermal contrast.Moreover,before the ISM onset due to the eastward development of the South Asian High(SAH)in the upper troposphere,high potential vorticity is transported to the region over the Arabian Sea.Then a local trumpet-shaped stream field is generated to cause the evident upper divergence-pumping effect which favors the ISM onset.When the upper divergence is vertically coupled with the lower convergence resulted from the aforementioned forced unstable convection development near the southwestern coast of Indian Peninsula,the atmospheric baroclinic unstable development is stimulated and the ISM onset is triggered.