Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various ...Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world randoln phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents＇ perceptions of tourisln impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents＇ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.展开更多
Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given ...Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.展开更多
Community＇s participation is fundamental in understanding the factors that influence their access to and utilization of tourism resources. It is a plausible way of involving local communities in the planning and mana...Community＇s participation is fundamental in understanding the factors that influence their access to and utilization of tourism resources. It is a plausible way of involving local communities in the planning and management of the available resources for their sustainability. This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the households in Murchison Falls Conservation Area to understand how they influence their participation in tourism and eventually enhance household welfare. Using household survey and key informant interviews, data were collected on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and analyzed using Binomial Logit Regression in order to show the factors that influence participation of households in tourism. It was found that the households＇ characteristics significantly influenced their participation. In particular, level of education （r = 0.824）, engagement in farm labor （r = 0.651）, provision of services to the tourists （r = 0.841）, income （r = 0.83） and landholding （r = 0.689） significantly influenced households＇ participation in tourism. On the other hand, age （r = 0.59） and period of residence （r = 0.430） did not significantly influence the households＇ participation in tourism. These results suggest that a clear understanding of the households＇ socio-economic characteristics is a vital step in engaging them meaningfully in tourism activities meant to enhance their livelihoods. Equally important is the need for tourism managers and local government leaders to consider these characteristics when designing policies and strategies to enhance community involvement and management of tourism at a conservation area level.展开更多
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs as well as six indicator PCBs were determined in animal origin foods collected from Hong Kong retail market during 2008-2010. The dietary intake of an average Hong Kong adul...Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs as well as six indicator PCBs were determined in animal origin foods collected from Hong Kong retail market during 2008-2010. The dietary intake of an average Hong Kong adult resident was estimated to be 0.806-0.833 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 of dioxin-like compounds, lower than the tolerable daily intake introduced by WHO. The 95th percentile consumer were exposed by dietary at the level of 2.72 to 2.81 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 or 81.6-84.3 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. month^-1 , higher than 70 pg WHO-TEQ kg t b.w. month^-1. DL-PCBs contributed 49.2% of total TEQ intake. The daily intake of indicator PCB was 2.83 ng kg^-1 b.w. d^-1. Approximately 2/3 of dietary intake of dioxin-like compounds came from sea food products. Ten brands of infant formula products were tested and the potential dietary intake of formula-fed infants of Hong Kong was estimated to be 1.46-1.58 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 during 1st month and decreases afterwards.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Canadian International Development Agency Project (No. S-61562) Ecotourism Planning and Management in Dalian City of Dalian Science&Technology Bureau(No.2004B3SF171)
文摘Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world randoln phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents＇ perceptions of tourisln impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents＇ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.
文摘Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.
文摘Community＇s participation is fundamental in understanding the factors that influence their access to and utilization of tourism resources. It is a plausible way of involving local communities in the planning and management of the available resources for their sustainability. This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the households in Murchison Falls Conservation Area to understand how they influence their participation in tourism and eventually enhance household welfare. Using household survey and key informant interviews, data were collected on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and analyzed using Binomial Logit Regression in order to show the factors that influence participation of households in tourism. It was found that the households＇ characteristics significantly influenced their participation. In particular, level of education （r = 0.824）, engagement in farm labor （r = 0.651）, provision of services to the tourists （r = 0.841）, income （r = 0.83） and landholding （r = 0.689） significantly influenced households＇ participation in tourism. On the other hand, age （r = 0.59） and period of residence （r = 0.430） did not significantly influence the households＇ participation in tourism. These results suggest that a clear understanding of the households＇ socio-economic characteristics is a vital step in engaging them meaningfully in tourism activities meant to enhance their livelihoods. Equally important is the need for tourism managers and local government leaders to consider these characteristics when designing policies and strategies to enhance community involvement and management of tourism at a conservation area level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21175025)
文摘Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs as well as six indicator PCBs were determined in animal origin foods collected from Hong Kong retail market during 2008-2010. The dietary intake of an average Hong Kong adult resident was estimated to be 0.806-0.833 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 of dioxin-like compounds, lower than the tolerable daily intake introduced by WHO. The 95th percentile consumer were exposed by dietary at the level of 2.72 to 2.81 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 or 81.6-84.3 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. month^-1 , higher than 70 pg WHO-TEQ kg t b.w. month^-1. DL-PCBs contributed 49.2% of total TEQ intake. The daily intake of indicator PCB was 2.83 ng kg^-1 b.w. d^-1. Approximately 2/3 of dietary intake of dioxin-like compounds came from sea food products. Ten brands of infant formula products were tested and the potential dietary intake of formula-fed infants of Hong Kong was estimated to be 1.46-1.58 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. d^-1 during 1st month and decreases afterwards.
