居节生年考——兼谈几件传世居节和文徵明画作

居节是明代吴门的重要画家,文徵明高足,但明清画史却对其生平语焉不详,现代美术史亦是众说纷纭,且与部分居节传世作品所署年款相抵牾。本文通过目鉴和考证,认定几件传世的居节作品及与之相关联的文徵明作品中存在着作伪和改动等问题,从而厘清了居节生年与存世作品年代之间的矛盾,并与相关史料、文献相互印证,基本确认了居节的生卒年代。

居节简介

居节(一五二七——?)字士贞,号商谷,长洲(苏州)人,生于明嘉靖六年。据《宋元明清书画家年表》著录,居节作品有:《品泉诗泉图》作于隆庆二年(一五六八),见《中国名画二十集》;《秋山红树图》作于隆庆五年;《松阴听泉图》作于万历二年,故喜物院藏;《春江过雨图》作于万历四年,见《艺林月刊》六五期;《醉翁亭图》、《江干雪意图》,具作于万历十年,见《支那名画宝鉴》;《云岚松色图卷》作于万历十一年。

Field study of seasonal thermal comfort and adaptive behavior for occupants in residential buildings of Xi’an,China

The study aims to investigate the thermal comfort requirements in residential buildings and to establish an adaptive thermal comfort model in the cold zone of China.A year-long field study was conducted in residential buildings in Xi’an,China.A total of 2069 valid questionnaires,along with indoor environmental parameters were obtained.The results indicated occupants’thermal comfort requirements varied with seasons.The neutral temperatures were 17.9,26.1(highest),25.2,and 17.4℃(lowest),and preferred temperatures were 23.2,25.6(highest),24.8,and 22.4℃(lowest),respectively for spring,summer,autumn,and winter.The neutral temperature and preferred temperature in autumn are close to the neutral temperature in summer,while the neutral temperature and preferred temperature in spring are close to that in winter.Besides,the 80%and 90%acceptable temperature ranges,adaptive thermal comfort models,and thermal comfort zones for each season were established.Human’s adaptability is related to his/her thermal experience of the current season and the previous season.Therefore,compared with the traditional year-round adaptive thermal comfort model,seasonal models can better reflect seasonal variations of human adaptation.This study provides fundamental knowledge of the thermal comfort demand for people in this region.

Design of Low Carbon and Energy-saving New Rural Residential Buildings in Western Parts of Heilongjiang Province

It is researched that rural residential buildings in Heilongjieng consume high energy and the living environment is poor. The research aimed at designing low-carbon and energy-saving buildings in order to reduce energy consumption by applying energy storage. Besides, the research used composite solar panel, waste- based inorganic foam materials, and polystyrene board as construction materials and integrated energy collection, living environment and farming by energy storage system. It is notable that the research would reduce pollution on environment caused by residential buildings, which coincides with national economy development and en- ergy strategy, promoting construction material industry development, with high social and economic benefits.

Perception of the People of Tepoztlfin About Employment Since the Denomination of Magic Town

This article aims to describe the perception of the residents of Tepoztlan Morelos regarding the level of employment since their designation as Magic Town. Tepoztlan is a municipality in the northern part of the State of Morelos, located in the South-Central of Mexico. It is a magical town situated on the slopes of the Tepozteco Mountain. It is recognized as one of the most attractive places in the aforementioned state. Its relative proximity to Mexico City makes this town an attractive tourist destination for visitors. The importance of this issue lies mainly in the fact that tourism is one of the largest sources of income and employment generation for the country, so it is essential to strengthen the tourism infrastructure through federal programs of social participation, which promotes the development from the bottom to top. With that objective, the Mexican government created a federal program primarily with the purpose of contributing to the development of rural tourism. So, the ＂Magic Towns＂ program emerged as a strategy to generate resources for certain communities and increase the tourist offer. Tepoztlan was one of the first towns to enter the program, so it is relevant to analyze if the benefits generated by this program related to employment are perceived by the population. That is to say, to know the opinion of the settlers on the increase and the conditions of the employment that tourism generates and how the denomination of magical town influences this. Regarding the method used, we can say that it is a research with a quantitative approach, a questionnaire was designed as an instrument for data collection. The sample was obtained by the sampling method called： simple random probabilistic sampling. The results presented here correspond to a sample of 119 inhabitants of Tepoztlan. In summary, the research on this subject allows us to conclude that there is an increase in the generation of jobs in Tepoztl/m since its denomination as Magical Town; however, the working conditions and remuneration generated by tourism are perceived as low and far from the expectations of the population.

Guidelines for Sizing Shading Devices for Typical Residential Houses in Muscat, Oman

Energy consumption of Oman＇s building sector is around 55% of the country＇s total energy demand and it has increased by 59% from 2005 to 2010. This paper investigates the potential of energy conservation in residential buildings in the city of Muscat by providing guidelines to reduce solar gain in overheated season. It aims to identify the problem of high energy consumption in modem houses and study the relationship between energy consumption and thermal performance of the building. Based on the authors＇ analysis of Oman＇s solar data, recommendations for shading devices were developed and evaluated using e-QUEST. An energy reduction of around 10% was achieved without drastically increasing the cost of construction while also taking into consideration of society＇s requirement for privacy and its concern to visually maintain cultural identity.

Local records of long-term dynamics of bamboo gregarious flowering in northern Laos and regional synchronicity of Dendrocalamus membranaceus in two flowering sites

Bamboos are widely distributed in mainland Southeast Asia and have abundant biomass. They are characterized by prolonged vegetative growth and semelparity. Where bamboos are dominant, their synchronous flowering and death has a major impact on forest vegetation. Although the small-scale dynamics of this process have become clearer in recent years, the history, geographical scale and synchronicity of bamboo flowering over broad areas remains unknown. This study focused on the flowering history of six bamboo species, Bambusa tulda, Cephalostachyum virgatum, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus membranaceus, Indosasa sinica and Oxytenanthera parvifolia, over 40 years across a broad area of northern Laos. We also examined the synchronicity of flowering in D. membranaceus. We visited 49 villages in northern Laos and surveyed knowledgeable inhabitants about bamboo flowering history. The timing, scale and synchronicity of gregarious flowering varied among species. D. hamiltonii and D. membranaceus showed higher flowering synchronicity than other species. All the species except I. sinica had both sporadic and gregarious flowering traits, and showed conspicuous variability in their flowering scale. The flowering bamboo population at two gregarious flowering sites for D. membranaceus was surveyed. While thisspecies had the highest synchronicity in this study, its synchronicity was lower than other species in previous studies worldwide. We found that the gregarious flowering of bamboos in northern Laos over the last 40 years showed lower synchronicity than bamboo flowering reported in other areas of the world. The historical dynamics and scale of bamboo flowering must be further clarified to understand the vegetation composition of this area.

Neighbour Peer Selection Scheme Based on Effective Capacity for Mobile Peer-to-Peer Streaming

For Peer-to-Peer (P2P) streaming services in mobile networks, the selection of appropriate neighbour peers from candidate peers with demanding data is an important approach to improve Quality-of-Service (QoS). This paper proposes a novel Effective Capacity Peer Selection (ECPS) scheme based on effective capacity. In the ECPS scheme, the neighbour peer selection problem was modeled using the Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) theory, which considered multiple factors of candidate peers, including Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR), residency time, power level, security, moving speed, and effective capacity. This model could increase the suitability of ECPS for wireless mobile environments. Then, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to solve the MADM problem and identify the preferred neighbour peers. Simulation results show that the ECPS scheme can improve the network throughput, reduce packet delay by about 82%, and almost double the packet delivery ratio of the mobile P2P streaming service.

Avian preference for close proximity to human habitation and its ecological consequences

Human proximity often have negative consequences for wildlife. However, animals may also benefit from human proximity in terms of availability of resources and protection against predators and parasites. We recorded the distance between all birds detected during the breeding season along 18 5-kin transects and the nearest inhabited house in three areas of 50 km2 in Spain, France, and Denmark. More than three quarters of birds were located closer than 100 m to the nearest house, while the null expectation was less than a third. Mean distance for species was correlated with degree of bird urbanization and with flight initiation distance. Habitat specialist species with small breeding territories tended to live closer to houses. Birds from species having more broods per year, larger annual fecundity and lower nest predation rate lived closer to human habitation. Breeding range size, population density, and continental breeding population sizes were larger for species living closer to human habitation. Most relationships between distance to houses and bird traits had a strong phylogenetic signal, but most additive trait effects remained after phylogenetic correction. Proximity to human habitation was a main driver of the distribution of birds, with most individuals and species tightly linked to inhabited houses. Living close to human habitation was associated with success in the colonization of urban habitats and with consistent changes in distribution, abundance, behavior, and life history. Replicated measurements of the spatial and tempo- ral variation in these distributions may be useful for monitoring and analyzing the ongoing process of organisms＇ urbanization.