辐照型电子直线加速器的应用已经越来越广泛,但是其辐射屏蔽优化一直是需要解决的问题,所以设计出既经济又有效的屏蔽方法是非常有意义的。本文叙述了对一台10 MeV的辐照型电子直线加速器迷道出口的剂量率所进行的经验公式计算和蒙特卡...辐照型电子直线加速器的应用已经越来越广泛,但是其辐射屏蔽优化一直是需要解决的问题,所以设计出既经济又有效的屏蔽方法是非常有意义的。本文叙述了对一台10 MeV的辐照型电子直线加速器迷道出口的剂量率所进行的经验公式计算和蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo,Fluka)模拟,结合伽马探测器和微型数据采集器Mini-DDL(Mini Digital Data Logging)的连续实时测量结果进行了对比分析。分析结果显示,只要在迷道门处增加一个拐弯,就增加一次反散射,出口处的剂量率会下降一个量级以上,使其不仅低于剂量限值而且合理地达到尽可能低。这个结果是在基本没有增加额外成本的基础上实现的,符合辐射防护ALARA(as low as reasonably achievable)原则,为以后加速器的屏蔽设计提供了很好的参考。展开更多
AIM To assess proportions, related conditions and survival of interval cancer(IC).METHODS The programme has a linkage with different clinical databases and cancer registers to allow suitable evaluation. This evaluatio...AIM To assess proportions, related conditions and survival of interval cancer(IC).METHODS The programme has a linkage with different clinical databases and cancer registers to allow suitable evaluation. This evaluation involves the detection of ICs after a negative faecal inmunochemical test(FIT), interval cancer FIT(IC-FIT) prior to a subsequent invitation, and the detection of ICs after a positive FIT and confirmatory diagnosis without colorectal cancer(CRC) detected and before the following recommended c o l o n o s c o p y, I C-c o l o n o s c o p y. W e c o n d u c t e d a retrospective observational study analyzing from January 2009 to December 2015 1193602 invited people onto the Programme(participation rate of 68.6%).RESULTS Two thousand five hundred and eighteen cancers were diagnosed through the programme, 18 cases of IC-colonoscopy were found before the recommended follow-up(43542 colonoscopies performed) and 186 IC-FIT were identified before the following invitation of the 769200 negative FITs. There was no statistically significant relation between the predictor variables of ICs with sex, age and deprivation index, but there was relation between location and stage. Additionally, it was observed that there was less risk when the location was distal rather than proximal(OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.20-0.40, P < 0.0001), with no statistical significance when the location was in the rectum as opposed to proximal. When comparing the screen-detected cancers(SCs) with ICs, significant differences in survival were found(P < 0.001); being the 5-years survival for SCs 91.6% and IC-FIT 77.8%.CONCLUSION These findings in a Population Based CRC Screening Programme indicate the need of population-based studies that continue analyzing related factors to improve their detection and reducing harm.展开更多
Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades...Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades or endwalls to build up a film shielding the material. The holes often are inclined in the downstream direction and give rise to a kidney vortex. This is a counter-rotating vortex pair, with an upward flow direction between the two vortices, which tends to lift off the surface and to locally feed hot air towards the blade outside the pair. Reversing the rotational sense of the vortices reverses these two drawbacks into advantages. In the considered case, an anti-kidney vortex is generated using two subsequent rows of holes both inclined downstream and yawed spanwise with alternating angles. In a previous study, we performed large-eddy simulations (which focused on the fully turbulent boundary layer) of this anti-kidney vortex film-cooling and compared them to a corresponding physical experiment. The present work analyzes the simulated flow field in detail, beginning in the plenum (inside the blade or endwall) through the holes up to the mixture with the hot boundary layer. To identify the vortical structures found in the mean flow and in the instantaneous flow, we mostly use the λ 2 criterion and the line integral convolution (LIC) technique indicating sectional streamlines. The flow regions (coolant plenum, holes, and boundary layer) are studied subsequently and linked to each other. To track the anti-kidney vortex throughout the boundary layer, we propose two criteria which are based on vorticity and on LIC results. This enables us to associate the jet vortices with the cooling effectiveness at the wall, which is the key feature of film cooling.展开更多
文摘辐照型电子直线加速器的应用已经越来越广泛,但是其辐射屏蔽优化一直是需要解决的问题,所以设计出既经济又有效的屏蔽方法是非常有意义的。本文叙述了对一台10 MeV的辐照型电子直线加速器迷道出口的剂量率所进行的经验公式计算和蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo,Fluka)模拟,结合伽马探测器和微型数据采集器Mini-DDL(Mini Digital Data Logging)的连续实时测量结果进行了对比分析。分析结果显示,只要在迷道门处增加一个拐弯,就增加一次反散射,出口处的剂量率会下降一个量级以上,使其不仅低于剂量限值而且合理地达到尽可能低。这个结果是在基本没有增加额外成本的基础上实现的,符合辐射防护ALARA(as low as reasonably achievable)原则,为以后加速器的屏蔽设计提供了很好的参考。
基金Supported by The Basque Health Service,Bio Cruces and Bio Donostia Research Institutes supported this study,since the evaluation of screening programmes such as Colorectal Cancer is a strategy included in the Health planOsteba(Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry for Health)offered the methodological support to ensure that data were aligned with the quality requirements and needs of the local health system
文摘AIM To assess proportions, related conditions and survival of interval cancer(IC).METHODS The programme has a linkage with different clinical databases and cancer registers to allow suitable evaluation. This evaluation involves the detection of ICs after a negative faecal inmunochemical test(FIT), interval cancer FIT(IC-FIT) prior to a subsequent invitation, and the detection of ICs after a positive FIT and confirmatory diagnosis without colorectal cancer(CRC) detected and before the following recommended c o l o n o s c o p y, I C-c o l o n o s c o p y. W e c o n d u c t e d a retrospective observational study analyzing from January 2009 to December 2015 1193602 invited people onto the Programme(participation rate of 68.6%).RESULTS Two thousand five hundred and eighteen cancers were diagnosed through the programme, 18 cases of IC-colonoscopy were found before the recommended follow-up(43542 colonoscopies performed) and 186 IC-FIT were identified before the following invitation of the 769200 negative FITs. There was no statistically significant relation between the predictor variables of ICs with sex, age and deprivation index, but there was relation between location and stage. Additionally, it was observed that there was less risk when the location was distal rather than proximal(OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.20-0.40, P < 0.0001), with no statistical significance when the location was in the rectum as opposed to proximal. When comparing the screen-detected cancers(SCs) with ICs, significant differences in survival were found(P < 0.001); being the 5-years survival for SCs 91.6% and IC-FIT 77.8%.CONCLUSION These findings in a Population Based CRC Screening Programme indicate the need of population-based studies that continue analyzing related factors to improve their detection and reducing harm.
基金partly funded by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) with project number 200020-116310granted by the DEISA Consortium,co-funded throughthe EU FP7 project RI-222919the DEISA Extreme Computing Initiative under the project acronym FCool3
文摘Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades or endwalls to build up a film shielding the material. The holes often are inclined in the downstream direction and give rise to a kidney vortex. This is a counter-rotating vortex pair, with an upward flow direction between the two vortices, which tends to lift off the surface and to locally feed hot air towards the blade outside the pair. Reversing the rotational sense of the vortices reverses these two drawbacks into advantages. In the considered case, an anti-kidney vortex is generated using two subsequent rows of holes both inclined downstream and yawed spanwise with alternating angles. In a previous study, we performed large-eddy simulations (which focused on the fully turbulent boundary layer) of this anti-kidney vortex film-cooling and compared them to a corresponding physical experiment. The present work analyzes the simulated flow field in detail, beginning in the plenum (inside the blade or endwall) through the holes up to the mixture with the hot boundary layer. To identify the vortical structures found in the mean flow and in the instantaneous flow, we mostly use the λ 2 criterion and the line integral convolution (LIC) technique indicating sectional streamlines. The flow regions (coolant plenum, holes, and boundary layer) are studied subsequently and linked to each other. To track the anti-kidney vortex throughout the boundary layer, we propose two criteria which are based on vorticity and on LIC results. This enables us to associate the jet vortices with the cooling effectiveness at the wall, which is the key feature of film cooling.
