乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川含岩屑冰川冰的恒应力蠕变试验

在天山乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川底部取冰样１２个，加工成直径１１３ｍｍ，长２００ｍｍ的试样，在－１±０．３℃和０．４２ＭＰａ（其中一试样为０．８４ＭＰａ）的条件下，作恒应力单轴压缩蠕变试验，试样岩屑含量为０．０１─２．５０％的体积比。试验得出最小应变率出现在应变为１％左右，流动参数Ａ与纯冰实验结果相近，未发现岩屑含量对冰的蠕变有明显影响。

冰岩碎屑流崩滑地震动信号测试与分析

随着西部大开发的战略部署及全球气温的持续升高,冰-岩碎屑流滑坡因其超强的运动性和破坏力而引起了业内学者的广泛关注。通过开展大型斜槽试验来模拟高寒山区特有的冰-岩碎屑流崩滑,利用现场布设的高精度传感器获取冰-岩碎屑流激发出的地震动信号,并基于Hilbert-Huang变换方法对比分析了5种工况下信号的时频特征,探究了含冰率和冰所处位置两个相关变量与冰-岩碎屑流的冲击力间的相关性。根据分析结果:冰-岩碎屑流中含冰率越大、冰与滑脱面的接触面越大,其激发的地震动信号振幅越大、时间越短、峰值更集中;信号频率主要分布在0.06~45 Hz范围内,以低频振动为主,高频信号集中出现在冰-岩碎屑流与缓坡段及河道两岸发生强烈冲击碰撞时期。

冰屑对冰-岩碎屑流运动特性影响作用的初步分析

冰-岩碎屑流是一种发育在高寒山区、含固态水的特殊碎屑流,具有超强的运动性。冰屑对提高冰-岩碎屑流运动性至关重要,但对其认识仍较为不足。通过对2000年易贡滑坡的灾史资料分析和野外调查,指出易贡滑坡启动时携带冰川冰体、运动时铲刮含冰碎屑物,而且具有规模大、冲出距离远的运动特性,是典型的冰-岩碎屑流。进而引入斜槽实验模拟岩土体上覆冰川冰体失稳下滑的过程,验证调查发现的堆积体前端坑洞群问题,探讨冰-岩碎屑材料冲出距离与含冰量、冰屑岩屑粒径比的关系。研究发现,冰屑可能包裹在碎屑流前端并全程参与碎屑流运动,在停积后由于融化而在堆积体上形成坑洞。被包裹的冰屑能够提高冰-岩碎屑材料的冲出距离,但含冰量较大时冰屑可能由于黏结成团、不易进入碎屑流内部而导致冲出距离变小。由此归结得到,冰屑提高碎屑流冲出距离的一个重要前提为冰屑进入碎屑流内部,当冰屑与岩屑的粒径比越小时冰屑越容易进入。这项研究工作为认识冰屑影响提供了坑洞调查法和斜槽实验法,研究成果有助于更为深入地认识冰-岩碎屑流运动特性的冰屑影响机理,为预防冰-岩碎屑流的远程致灾提供科学依据。

丽江干河坝冰-岩碎屑流地貌、沉积特征与成因机制分析

2004年3月12日,云南省丽江市玉龙雪山南坡发生了较大规模的冰-岩碎屑流型高速远程滑坡。位于斜坡顶部(高程为4337~5350 m)的岩体和冰川块体沿着高陡岩壁向下滑动,在峡谷地形控制下于干河坝内形成体积约11.2×10^(6) m^(3)的滑坡堆积体。本文通过遥感影像分析和现场调查,对干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌与堆积特征进行了详细研究,初步阐释了干河坝冰-岩碎屑流发生的成因机制和运动过程。研究结果表明,节理裂隙发育、源区冻融作用加剧和历史地震效应是此次地震的诱发因素。地形的坡度变化特征、滑体表面“乘船石”结构及内部岩屑的定向排列表明滑坡的运动过程可分为碰撞破碎阶段和扩散堆积阶段。滑坡堆积区广泛分布的“冰川乳坑”和冰水沉积物暗示堆积体底部松散沉积物减阻或是干河坝冰-岩碎屑流具有远程效应的有利因素。深入理解干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌特征及运动学过程,对揭示高速远程滑坡的超强运动机理具有重要的理论意义,同时对我国西部高寒山区大型滑坡灾害的预测预警亦具有现实意义。

高速远程冰-岩碎屑流研究进展

冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑.

掺粉砂对冰蠕变影响的实验研究

冰川底部往往含有岩屑,从而改变了冰的力学性质。含岩屑对冰的流动影响如何,关系到冰川的动力过程和地貌作用,但冰川学家和冻土学家对之研究不多。Echelmeyer和Wang在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川人工冰洞观测研究时发现,厚35cm的含岩眉冰层的平均剪应变率大大高于洁净冰的平均剪应变率,两者有效粘度相差约115倍。1989年。

Optimization of ice cuttings transportation by cable-suspended core auger drills

Ice cores contain an abundance of information about the Earth＇s climate in the past, and recovered from shallow drilling down to 300-350 m give sufficient information for reconstructing of the last climatic changes and for monitoring of pollution from human being. Cable-suspended core auger drills use an armored cable with a winch to provide power to the down-hole motor system and to retrieve the down-hole unit. Because of their lightweight, convenient transportation and installation, high penetration rates and low power consumption, core auger drills are widely used for shallow drilling in ice. Nowadays at least 14 types of auger electromechani- cal drills were designed and tested in different foreign and national glaciological laboratories. However, auger options were usually determined by experience, and the main parameters （ helix angle of the fights and rotational speed） are varied in a wide range from drill to drill. If parameters of auger are not chosen properly, poorly en- gineered drills had troubles with low efficiency of cuttings transportation, jam of ice cuttings, repeated fragmen- tation, cutters icing and stop penetration, abnormal power consumption, high rotation torques, and so on. Thus, this paper presents the method of optimization of iee cuttings transportation of cable-suspended core auger drill on the base of the theory of rotary auger. As the result, the optimal helix angle was determined correspond- ing to the rotational speed from the transportation efficiency point of view.

Influence of Bow Design on Ice Resistance for Arctic LNG Carriers

In order to understand the influence of bow shape on ice resistance and provide guidelines for hull line design in the early design stage,an investigation of the impact of bow shape on ice resistance for the Arctic LNG carriers is carried out based on semi-empirical methods.Firstly,some typical semi-empirical formulas developed for ice resistance estimation of cargo carriers in different ice conditions are summarized.Then,formulas appropriate for ice resistance estimation of Arctic LNG carriers under different ice conditions are verified according to the result comparison between semi-empirical formulas and experimental tests.The comparison result indicates that the Lindqvist formula is appropriate for ice resistance estimation in level ice conditions,Zuev and Dobrodeev formula for ice resistance estimation in broken ice conditions,and Dobrodeev formula for ice resistance estimation in brash ice conditions.After that,the parameters considered in the selected formulas are summarized,and the influence of critical parameters on ice resistance is analyzed.Some parameters describing the ship's bow shape characteristic like ship breadth,waterline angle and stem angle greatly influence the ice resistance.Ice resistance increases with both the growth of ship breadth under all ice conditions and the growth of stem angle in level ice and broken ice conditions while ice resistance decreases with the development of waterline angle under all ice conditions.Finally,the optimization of the bow shape is discussed,and an optimized bow shape with both a large waterline angle and low stem angle is proposed.The optimized bow shape can decrease ice resistance by 9.9%in the level ice condition and reduce ice resistance by 11.3%in the brash ice condition.