试论清代地方官大计展限问题

清代每三年对地方官举行一次大计考核。地方大计或因督抚、布政使及基层州县官人事变动,或因地方战乱,常要展限,并补行大计。大计展限执行中,由于偏重形式问题,并不能真正发挥计典黜幽陟明的作用。

定期不定:清代雍正朝大计考核“展限”及其弊端论

清代,沿袭明制行大计,把大计的考核期限定为三年。但是,到了雍正朝,历次大计由于各种原因,均有某些省份大计展限举行甚至不举。这种展限看似在制度规定之内,皇权允准之下,但是其弊端却对制度起着冲击作用。同时,由于部分省份大计展限,使得朝廷又考虑利用其他的方式来弥补对官员某一时期问责的缺失。

清咸同时期的军费奏销展限问题

清咸同时期的军费奏销展限问题相当突出,本文通过大量档案详细叙述了军费奏销展限的基本情况,并分析了奏销展限的原因及影响。本文认为:咸同时期严重的财政危机是军费奏销展限的根本原因,展限也成为晚晴中央集权型财政体制衰落的突出写照。

展限、住催和倚阁——宋代赋税缓征析论

展限、住催和倚阁各有特点,均适用于对限期内难以完成的应征赋税的处理,构成了宋代详备的赋税缓征体系,有利于缓解税户的输纳压力。但由于赋税缓征标准不够明确、缓征时间滞后以及赋税缓征与地方利益存在矛盾,宋代缓征制度的实施受到了影响,对同时代其他政权及后世的影响也很有限。

禁烟展限案与全国首起谘议局辞职风潮--以《广西禁烟案汇钞》为中心

广西谘议局成立以后,立即会同巡抚制定分区分期禁烟办法,而张鸣岐自行展限,引起谘议局强烈不满。张鸣岐赴京述职,代理巡抚魏景桐采用拒绝报销电报费等手段逼谘议局就范,引起后者更大反弹。为维护议案和宪政的权威,广西谘议局全体辞职,第二届常年会无法召开,直到资政院裁决、摄政王亲下上谕才宣布复会。此事使广西谘议局成为各省谘议局的领袖和争相效仿的对象,把全国政治生态进一步推向激进。

Numerical Investigations on Dynamic Stall Characteristics of a Finite Wing

The paper examines the dynamic stall characteristics of a finite wing with an aspect ratio of eight in order to explore the 3D effects on flow topology,aerodynamic characteristics,and pitching damping.Firstly,CFD methods are developed to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings.The URANS equations are solved using a finite volume method,and the two-equation k-ωshear stress transport(SST)turbulence model is employed to account for viscosity effects.Secondly,the CFD methods are used to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of both a static,rectangular wing and a pitching,tapered wing to verify their effectiveness and accuracy.The numerical results show good agreement with experimental data.Subsequently,the static and dynamic characteristics of the finite wing are computed and discussed.The results reveal significant 3D flow structures during both static and dynamic stalls,including wing tip vortices,arch vortices,Ω-type vortices,and ring vortices.These phenomena lead to differences in the aerodynamic characteristics of the finite wing compared with a 2D airfoil.Specifically,the finite wing has a smaller lift slope during attached-flow stages,higher stall angles,and more gradual stall behavior.Flow separation initially occurs in the middle spanwise section and gradually spreads to both ends.Regarding aerodynamic damping,the inboard sections mainly generate unstable loading.Furthermore,sections experiencing light stall have a higher tendency to produce negative damping compared with sections experiencing deep dynamic stall.

Reasoning complexity for extended fuzzy description logic with qualifying number restriction

To solve the extended fuzzy description logic with qualifying number restriction （EFALCQ） reasoning problems, EFALCQ is discretely simulated by description logic with qualifying number restriction （ALCQ）, and ALCQ reasoning results are reused to prove the complexity of EFALCQ reasoning problems. The ALCQ simulation method for the consistency of EFALCQ is proposed. This method reduces EFALCQ satisfiability into EFALCQ consistency, and uses EFALCQ satisfiability to discretely simulate EFALCQ satdomain. It is proved that the reasoning complexity for EFALCQ satisfiability, consistency and sat-domain is PSPACE-complete.

Fracture properties of epoxy asphalt mixture based on extended finite element method

Crack is found to be a major distress that affects the performance of the epoxy asphalt pavement.An extended finite element method was proposed for investigating the fracture properties of the epoxy asphalt mixture.Firstly,the single-edge notched beam test was used to analyze the temperature effect and calculate the material parameters.Then,the mechanical responses were studied using numerical analysis.It is concluded that 5℃ can be selected as the critical temperature that affects the fracture properties,and numerical simulations indicate that crack propagation is found to significantly affect the stress state of the epoxy asphalt mixture.The maximum principal stress at the crack surface exhibits different trends at various temperatures.Numerical solution of stress intensity factor can well meet the theoretical solution,especially when the temperature is lower than 5℃.

Wing crack model subjected to high hydraulic pressure and far field stresses and its numerical simulation

By considering the effect of hydraulic pressure filled in wing crack and the connected part of main crack on the stress intensity factor at wing crack tip, a new wing crack model exerted by hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was proposed. By introducing the equivalent crack length lcq of wing crack, two terms make up the stress intensity factor K1 at wing crack tip： one is the component K（1） for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 2l subjected to hydraulic pressure in wing crack and far field stresses, and the other is the component K1^（2） due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The FEM model of wing crack propagation subjected to hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was also established according to different side pressure coefficients and hydraulic pressures in crack. The result shows that a good agreement is found between theoretical model of wing crack proposed and finite element method （FEM）. In theory, an unstable crack propagation is shown if there is high hydraulic pressure and lateral tension. The wing crack model proposed can provide references for studying on hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.

Finite element modeling for analysis of cracked cylindrical pipes

The characteristic properties of shell element with similar shapes are used to generate a so-called super element for the analysis of the crack problems for cylindrical pressure vessels. The formulation is processed by matrix condensation without the involvement of special treatment. This method can deal with various singularity problems and it also presents excellent results to crack problems for cylindrical shell. Especially,the knowledge of the kind of singular order is not necessary in super element generation; it is very economical in terms of computer memory and programming. This method also exhibits versatility to solve the problem of kinked crack at cylindrical shell.

Investigation of the Process Parameters on the Blanking of AISI 304 Stainless Steel by Using Finite Element Method

Blanking is a major process and has a wide range of usage in manufacturing industry. The general concept of blanking seems a simple one but governing parameters are many and have a complex relationship which directly affect the quality of the produced parts （blanks） and also the energy efficiency of the process. The main problem is the lack of prediction capabilities of the effect of these parameters that lead to time, money and labor consuming trial and error procedures in experimental studies. Usage of FEM based programs to simulate blanking to obtain numerical results and observe the shearing mechanism is a cheap and a detailed way for industrial applications. In this study five different clearances （1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 20%） and three different thicknesses （t = 2 mm, t = 3 mm and t = 4 mm） were used for simulation and experimental studies of the blanking process. Simulations were executed by using the FEM program, Deform 2-D. Investigations were made on the parameters related to crack progression like crack initiation and crack propagation angles, indentation angle, rollover angle and depth and also the related blanking energy values. The results of the present paper are in agreement with the results of experimental studies.

Towards fully automatic modelling of the fracture process in quasi-brittle and ductile materials:a unified crack growth criterion

Fully automatic finite element(FE) modelling of the fracture process in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and rocks and ductile materials such as metals and alloys,is of great significance in assessing structural integrity and presents tre-mendous challenges to the engineering community. One challenge lies in the adoption of an objective and effective crack propagation criterion. This paper proposes a crack propagation criterion based on the principle of energy conservation and the cohesive zone model(CZM) . The virtual crack extension technique is used to calculate the differential terms in the criterion. A fully-automatic discrete crack modelling methodology,integrating the developed criterion,the CZM to model the crack,a simple remeshing procedure to accommodate crack propagation,the J2 flow theory implemented within the incremental plasticity framework to model the ductile materials,and a local arc-length solver to the nonlinear equation system,is developed and im-plemented in an in-house program. Three examples,i.e.,a plain concrete beam with a single shear crack,a reinforced concrete(RC) beam with multiple cracks and a compact-tension steel specimen,are simulated. Good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data is found,which demonstrates the applicability of the criterion to both quasi-brittle and ductile materials.

Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along Reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong

There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads development". It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industriali-zation delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of "the vicious circle of poverty" by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environ-mental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called "the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River" is put forward supposed to give cor-responding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.

Fatigue life prediction of aviation aluminium alloy based on quantitative pre-corrosion damage analysis

A new method of quantitative pre-corrosion damage of aviation aluminium(Al-Cu-Mg)alloy was proposed,whichregarded corrosion pits as equivalent semi-elliptical surface cracks.An analytical model was formulated to describe the entire regionof fatigue crack propagation(FCP).The relationship between the model parameters and the fatigue testing data obtained in thepre-corroded experiments,crack propagation experiments and S-N fatigue experiments was discussed.The equivalent crack sizesand the FCP equation were used to calculate the fatigue life through numerical integration based on MATLAB/GUI.The resultsconfirm that the sigmoidal curve fitted by the FCP model expresses the whole change from Region I to Region III.In addition,thepredicted curves indicate the actual trend of fatigue life and the conservative result of fatigue limit.Thus,the new analytical methodcan estimate the residual life of pre-corroded Al-Cu-Mg alloy,especially smooth specimens.

Tunnel failure in hard rock with multiple weak planes due to excavation unloading of in-situ stress

Natural geological structures in rock(e.g.,joints,weakness planes,defects)play a vital role in the stability of tunnels and underground operations during construction.We investigated the failure characteristics of a deep circular tunnel in a rock mass with multiple weakness planes using a 2D combined finite element method/discrete element method(FEM/DEM).Conventional triaxial compression tests were performed on typical hard rock(marble)specimens under a range of confinement stress conditions to validate the rationale and accuracy of the proposed numerical approach.Parametric analysis was subsequently conducted to investigate the influence of inclination angle,and length on the crack propagation behavior,failure mode,energy evolution,and displacement distribution of the surrounding rock.The results show that the inclination angle strongly affects tunnel stability,and the failure intensity and damage range increase with increasing inclination angle and then decrease.The dynamic disasters are more likely with increasing weak plane length.Shearing and sliding along multiple weak planes are also consistently accompanied by kinetic energy fluctuations and surges after unloading,which implies a potentially violent dynamic response around a deeply-buried tunnel.Interactions between slabbing and shearing near the excavation boundaries are also discussed.The results presented here provide important insight into deep tunnel failure in hard rock influenced by both unloading disturbance and tectonic activation.

Improving behavior of semi-supported steel plate shear walls

In spite of the good performance of the steel plate shear wall(SPSW)in recent earthquakes and experimental studies,the need for huge columns to surround the infill plate is a major shortcoming of the system.This shortcoming can be resolved by using semi-supported SPSW.The semi-supported SPSW has secondary columns that prevent the transfer of stress from the infill plate to the main columns.In spite of extensive experimental and numerical investigations on SPSWs,there are many ambiguities regarding the behavior of the semi-supported SPSW.Although stress in the columns is reduced,incomplete diagonal tension field action is formed in the infill plate that creates new problems.In this paper,a new type of semi-supported SPSW is presented in which the steel plate and the secondary columns are angled.The creation of the angle of the plate and the secondary column makes it possible to use the full capacity of the steel plate as well as the capacity of the secondary columns.Numerical results showed that the wall with a 60°angle has a favorable performance relative to the semi-supported wall.Moreover,with the 60°angle,stiffness,strength and energy absorption is increased.The angle of the secondary columns has little effect on the non-elastic stiffness.Nevertheless,using a wall with an angle of more than 90°can neutralize the wall’s behavior relative to conventional walls.Therefore,the wall with a 60°angle as an optimal angle is recommended.

Comparison of structure and physical fields in 400 kA aluminum reduction cells

To investigate the differences and the development trends of the 400 kA aluminum reduction cell, four representative cells were deeply analyzed. By using numerical simulation methods in ANSYS software, the structure parameters were firstly compared, and then three-dimensional models of electric-magnetic-flow field were built and solved with finite element method(FEM). The comparison of the structures reveals that the cell bodies are similar while the current flow path and distribution ratio of bus bars are different. It appears that most of the current(70%-80%) in side A are used as the magnetic field compensation current and flow through two ends. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of magnetic fields are different but all satisfy with the magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) stabilization, and the flow patterns are all two or multi vortexes with appropriate velocities. The comparison shows that all studied cells can satisfy with the physical field requirement, and the commercial applications also verify that the 400 kA cells have become the product of the mature and world's leading technology.

Behavior of double K-BRB braces under lateral loading

The buckling resisting brace(BRB)is an efficient system against lateral loads that enjoy high seismic energy absorption capacity.Although desirable behavior of BRBs has been confirmed,the stiffness of the system is not desirable that it can be compensated by changing the configuration of BRB braces.In so doing,the configuration in the form of double K(DK)is investigated to achieve more favorable behavior.Also,the required mathematical formulas were proposed to design the system.Comparison of DK system with other conventional BRB showed that the DK system has a better structural performance and is more economical(due to needing less core area)than other conventional BRB.Numerical results indicated that the DK system increases the lateral ultimate strength,lateral nonlinear stiffness,and energy absorption.Besides,the DK configuration reduces the axial forces created in columns in the nonlinear zone.Reducing material demand,created forces in the main frame,and also increasing of nonlinear stiffens by DK improve the structure’s safety.

Galerkin-based extended Kalman filter with application to CO2 removal system

The carbon dioxide removal system is the most critical system for controlling CO2 mass concentration in long-term manned spacecraft.In order to ensure the controlling CO2 mass concentration in the cabin within the allowable range,the state of CO2 removal system needs to be estimated in real time.In this paper,the mathematical model is firstly established that describes the actual system conditions and then the Galerkin-based extended Kalman filter algorithm is proposed for the estimation of the state of CO2.This method transforms partial differential equation to ordinary differential equation by using Galerkin approaching method,and then carries out the state estimation by using extended Kalman filter.Simulation experiments were performed with the qualification of the actual manned space mission.The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the system state while avoiding the problem of dimensional explosion,and has strong robustness regarding measurement noise.Thus,this method can establish a basis for system fault diagnosis and fault positioning.

An Analysis on the Transmission Shaft Fracture of Screw Drill

The transmission shaft of the underground screw drill fractured when milling-shoe and grinding bridge plug was applied to the coiled tubes in a horizontal well of Sichuan province, but the position of this transmission shaft fracture did not occur at the minor-diameter retracting position and reducing position that were easy to fracture. An analysis of the transverse planes of the fracture found that the cause of the transmission shaft fracture surface was that the defects of the initial surface were propagating to cracks and gave rise to the fracture under torque load. To specifically know well the strength of the transmission shaft under damaging fracture, a statics analysis was conducted on the transmission shaft through ANSYS finite element simulation software, and the finite element models under no cracks, different-depth circumferential cracks, and similar situation of the transverse planes of fracture were established respectively. An analysis of the crack-free finite element model found that the fracture of the transmission shaft was really not caused by the self-structure of the transmission shaft; an analysis of circumferential crack finite element model found that strong stress concentration would appear in the tip of cracks, and the value of the stress would increase along with the increase of the circumferential crack depth, the stress of the entire crack top tended to fluctuate like waves, and also the strength of the transmission shaft was greatly impacted by the presence of cracks; an analysis of the similar crack finite element model found that stress concentration would appear in the tip of cracks, and the initial cracks always started to propagate from the tip of the external surface of the transmission shaft and would propagate inward until the propagating areas of two cracks overlapped, and finally reached the position of transient interruption, and then the transmission shaft fractured completely and the fracture strength was onlv 1/5 of that under no cracks.