云南地区种子植物属多样性的纬度格局与区系起源的关系

利用大尺度的种子植物物种分布信息,探讨了云南地区种子植物属多样性的纬度分布格局与区系起源的关系.结果表明:起源于热带地区的种子植物属多样性与纬度梯度呈负相关关系,这在一定程度上暗示着该植物类群存在着北上扩散的趋势;起源于温带地区的植物属多样性与纬度梯度呈正相关关系,暗示着其南下扩散的趋势.热带区系属的多样性纬度格局可能在一定程度上造成了总体属多样性在纬度梯度上递减.Rapoport法则可能更适用于起源于热带地区物种多样性格局的解释.

中国部分省区赤眼蜂科、缨小蜂科常见属的多样性初步分析

通过扫网、黄盘诱集等方法采集所得的我国10省(自治区)赤眼蜂科、缨小蜂科各17属标本,按不同地理位置进行多样性初步分析.结果表明:我国10省(自治区)中,赤眼蜂科常见属的多样性指数普遍以福建最高,其次为新疆,海南第三,最低的是吉林和西藏;均匀度指数以新疆最高,海南第二,福建第三,吉林和西藏最低.缨小蜂科常见属的多样性指数以广西和福建最高,其次是新疆,台湾和西藏最低;均匀度指数以广西和陕西最高,其次是新疆,吉林和西藏最低.

罗布泊盐湖Halomonas属内种的多样性及系统分类

采用4种培养基和常规的分离技术对来自罗布泊盐湖的9份土壤样品进行了分离,结合16S rRNA测序结果采用常规方法对分离菌株进行了鉴定,探索了罗布泊Halomonas属细菌的物种组成情况。实验结果表明:罗布泊盐湖中具有Halomonas属的细菌10个种,其中9个菌株同已知种(Halomonas ventosae Al12T,Halomonas elonga-ta ATCC 33173T,Halomonas caseinilytica JCM 14802T,Halomonas taeanensis KCTC 12284T,Halomonas pantelleriensisDSM 9661T,Halomonas sulfidaeris DSM 15722T,Halomonas salina F8-11T和Halomonas cupida DSM 4740T)的相似性在98.4%～100%之间;另外,获得1个菌株(编号为GT 123),同关系最近的模式种Halomonas anticariensis的相似性仅为95%,属于Halomonas属内一个新的分支。菌株GT 123的多相分类结果表明其分类地位为Halomonas属内的一个新种。由此可见,罗布泊盐湖存在丰富的Halomonas属细菌物种多样性,并且潜藏着一定的新物种资源。

佳木斯大学校园木本植物区系分析

[目的]明确佳木斯大学校园木本植物区系成分。[方法]采用实地调查、文献资料方法对佳木斯大学校园木本植物进行科、属地理成分分析。[结果]佳木斯大学校园木本植物共有22科54属93种,在科级以寡种科为主体,单种属和寡种属较多,大属较少,区系成分相对复杂。[结论]试验结果为校园的绿化建设和校园植物实习提供了理论依据。

中国河南紫堇属植物小志

【目的】探讨河南紫堇属的物种多样性,进一步明确物种分布。【方法】在审查原始文献和中国数字植物标本馆(CVH)标本的基础上,对河南省紫堇属植物开展大量野外调查和标本采集工作。【结果】发现河南省紫堇属3个新分布种:南五台山紫堇(Corydalis nanwutaishanensis Z.Y.Su&Lidén)、黄紫堇(C.ochotensis Turcz.)和阜平黄堇(C.wilfordii Regel),证实以往文献资料记载河南产的曲花紫堇(C.curviflora Maxim.)和土元胡(C.hu-mosa Migo.)分别实为陕西紫堇(C.shensiana Lidén ex C.Y.Wu,H.Chuang&Z.Y.Su)和小药八旦子[C.caudata(Lam.)Pers.]。考证到假刻叶紫堇(C.pseudoincisa C.Y.Wu,Z.Y.Su&Lidén.)标本旁白的翻译错误,推测该种在河南省没有分布。【结论】报道的河南省紫堇属3个新分布种和3个存疑种,为河南省生物多样性研究以及《河南植物志》的再版等提供基础资料。

Genetic Diversity of Indocalamus Determined by Chloroplast DNA Sequence

[Objective]The aim was to research the relationship and genetic diversity of Indocalamus.[Method]Using 13 samples of Indocalamus and 3 samples of Sasa as materials,the intergenic regions of trnL-trnF gene in chloroplast were amplified by PCR,and sequence analysis and phylogenetic trees construction were carried out.[Result]Using the universal primer,the intergenic regions of trnL-trnF were amplified,the lengths of the segments varied from 1 008 bp to 1 103 bp,of which 940 bp was compared.The dendrogram of trnL-trnF sequences showed that Indocalamus and Sasa were clustered together and they were homologous by 99%.All the samples were divided into five groups,the first group included 12 samples such as Indosalamus pedalis,I.pumilus,I.victorialis,I.longiauritus,I.tessellatus,Sasa sinica,Sasa pygmaea,I.barbatus,I.guangdongensis,I.herklotsii,I.Hirtivaginatus and S.fortunei.I.decorus,I.lacunosus,I.Latifolius and I.Migoi were respectively divided into four groups.[Conclusion]The high homology of all samples showed the low evolution speed and little information sites which suggested that the phylogeny of Indocalamus could not be well resolved by the intergenic region of trnL-trnF.

晋中学院校园木本植物组成调查与分析

采用实地调查、标本采集和查阅文献资料等方法,对晋中学院校园木本植物的组成进行详细调查与科学鉴定,并对木本植物科、属多样性及地理成分进行分析.结果表明:晋中学院校园现有木本植物24科41属54种,校园内植物种类丰富度较低,并且常绿木本植物所占比例较少,冬季校园植物景观效果较差.校园内较为多样的木本植物地理成分,主要是以北温带地区分布的植物为主;单种科和小型科有19科,单种属有30属,单种科与单种属同大科、大属相比,占绝对优势.本调查结果可以为校园绿化建设和科研以及教学提供翔实的资料,对构建校园生态景观,提升校园文化内涵等具有重要意义.

Isolation and Identification of Soil Actinobacteria from Mangrove forest in Beihai,Guangxi Province

[Objective] The aim was to identify the species diversity of Actinomycetes from Mangrove forest in Beihai,Guangxi Province. [Method] 10 strains of typical Actinomycetes were isolated from Mangrove forest soil,and the Actinomycetes genomic DNA was successful extracted. 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced by Sanger dideoxy sequencing method. [Result] All the sequences were blasted in genbank,eight strains belonged to the genus of Streptomyces (80%),and two strains belonged to the genus of Nocardiopsis (20%). [Conclusion] There are many different Actinomycetes species in Mangrove forest soil samples in Beihai,Guangxi Province.

Diversity of microbial community at acid mine drainages from Dachang metals-rich mine, China

Two acid mine drainage(AMD)samples TS and WK,which were from the Dachang metals-rich mine in Guangxi province,China,were studied using PCR-based cloning approach.A total of 44 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from the two AMD samples.However,only three OTUs(GXDC-9,GXDC-19 and GXDC-50)detected in sample TS can also be observed in sample WK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteria in the two samples fell into four putative divisions,which were Nitrospira,Alphaproteobacteria,Gamaproteobacteria,and Acidobacteria.Organisms of genuses Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum,which were in gamaproteobacteria class and Nitrospira family,were dominant in two samples,respectively.In sample TS,which was characterized by low pH,high sulfate,high iron,and high arsenide,two species(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans)constituted 98.22% of the entire microbial community.Compared with sample TS,the microbial community in sample WK was more diversified according to the observation.Interestedly,the Legionella species,which was rarely observed in the low-pH environment,was detected in sample WK.This work helps us to further understand the diversity of microbial community living in extreme acid mine drainages with unique geochemistry and the tolerance capability of acidophiles to heavy metal.

Microsatellite Variation in the Oyster Crassostrea plicatula Along the Coast of China

Genetic diversity and differentiation of the oyster Crassostrea plicatula populations from China’s coast were studied based on seven microsatellite loci. All loci showed high polymorphism for all five C. plicatula populations,with an average number of allele per locus of 19.3-27.9 and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.889-0.952. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilib-rium and deficits of heterozygotes were observed over most populations at each locus,which were fully explained by null alleles. Microsatellite analysis revealed significant subdivision in the C. plicatula populations. According to the neighbor-joining tree con-structed on the basis of the DA distance,the five populations fell into three regional groups,showing a relatively homogeneous genetic structure in geographically close populations. Assignation tests correctly assigned high percentages of individuals to their original populations and groups,and also confirmed the existence of genetic differentiation among C. plicatula populations. The results ob-tained in this study will facilitate the formulation of appropriate fisheries management programs,stock identification and conservation of biodiversity for the species.

Isolation and identification of bacteria associated with the surfaces of several algal species

We conducted this study to assess the diversity of bacteria associated with the surfaces of algae based on 16S rDNA sequence analyses.Twelve strains of bacteria were obtained from the surfaces of the following four species of algae:Gracilaria textorii,Ulva pertusa,Laminaria japonica,and Polysiphonia urceolata.The isolated strains of bacteria can be divided into two groups:Halomonas and Vibrio,in physiology,biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analyses.The phylogenetic tree constructed based on 16S rDNA sequences of the isolates shows four obvious clusters,Halomonas venusta,Vibrio tasmaniensis,Vibrio lentus,and Vibrio splendidus.Isolates from the surface of P.urceolata are more abundant and diverse,of which strains P9 and P28 have a 16S rDNA sequence very similar(97.5%-99.8%) to that of V.splendidus.On the contrary,the isolates from the surfaces of G.textorii,U.pertusa and L.japonica are quite simple and distribute on different branches of the phylogenetic tree.In overall,the results of this study indicate that the genetic relationships among the isolates are quite close and display a certain level of host species specificity,and alga-associated bacteria species are algal species specific.

Functional genomic approach to the study of biodiversitywithin Trichoderma

Trichoderma is a fungal genus of great and demonstrable biotechnological value, but its genome is poorly surveyed compared with other model microorganisms. Due to their ubiquity and rapid substrate colonization, Trichoderma species have been widely used as biocontrol organisms for agriculture, and their enzyme systems are widely used in industry. Therefore, there is a clear interest to explore beyond the phenotype to exploit the underlying genetic systems using functional genomics tools. The great diversity of species within the Trichoderma genus, the absence of optimized systems for its exploration, and the great variety of genes expressed under a wide range of ambient conditions are the main challenges to consider when starting a comprehensive functional genomics study. An initial project started by three Spanish groups has been extended into the project TRICHOEST, funded by the EU (FP5, QLRT-2001-02032) to target the transcriptome analysis of selected Trichoderma strains with biocontrol potential, in conditions related to antagonism, nutrient stress and plant interactions. Once specific conditions were defined, cDNA libraries were produced and used for EST sequencing. Nine strains from seven Trichoderma species have been considered in this study and an important amount of gene sequence data has been generated, analyzed and used to compare the gene expression in different strains. In parallel to sequencing, genomic expression studies were carried out by means of macro-arrays to identify genes expressed in specific conditions. In silico analysis of DNA sequencing data together with macro-array expression results have lead to a selection based on the potential use of the gene sequences. The selected clone sequences were completed and cloned in appropriate vectors to initiate functional analysis by means of expression studies in homologous and heterologous systems.

Synthetic security assessment for incomplete interval-valued information system

In order to understand the security conditions of the incomplete interval-valued information system （IllS） and acquire the corresponding solution of security problems, this paper proposes a multi-attribute group decision- making （MAGDM） security assessment method based on the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）. For IllS with preference information, combining with dominance-based rough set approach （DRSA）, the effect of incomplete interval-valued information on decision results is discussed. For the imprecise judgment matrices, the security attribute weight can be obtained using Gibbs sampling. A numerical example shows that the proposed method can acquire some valuable knowledge hidden in the incomplete interval-valued information. The effectiveness of the proposed method in the synthetic security assessment for IIIS is verified.

Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment for Mining Seafloor Massive Sulfides in Japan

JOGMEC （Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation） has conducted exploration and research in Japan＇s EEZ （exclusive economic zone） from fiscal year 2008, under contract by the METI （Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry）, for the commercialization of SMS （Seafloor Massive Sulfide）. As there is currently no commercial mining precedent of SMS, it is necessary to consider the potential impacts of mining on the surrounding environment, and to promote long term sustainable projects. In particular, due to the existence of specific chemosynthetic ecosystems and unique biological communities around the SMS area, both quantitative evaluations of potential environmental impacts and consequent environmental conservation strategies, are necessary in order to avoid and or minimize the potential detrimental effects to the ecosystem, as much as possible. The environmental research programs consist of baseline surveys, environmental impact modeling, and methodological concepts which will be applied to conserve biodiversity. In this paper, we will primarily provide an overview of the project conducted by JOGMEC during 2008-2012.

Development of genic SSR markers from transcriptome sequencing of pear buds

A total of 8375 genic simple sequence repeat（SSR） loci were discovered from a unigene set assembled from 116282 transcriptomic unigenes in this study.Dinucleotide repeat motifs were the most common with a frequency of 65.11%,followed by trinucleotide（32.81%）.A total of 4100 primer pairs were designed from the SSR loci.Of these,343 primer pairs（repeat length≥15 bp） were synthesized with an M13 tail and tested for stable amplification and polymorphism in four Pyrus accessions.After the preliminary test,104 polymorphic genic SSR markers were developed; dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats represented 97.11%（101） of these.Twenty-eight polymorphic genic SSR markers were selected randomly to further validate genetic diversity among 28 Pyrus accessions.These markers displayed a high level of polymorphism.The number of alleles at these SSR loci ranged from 2 to 17,with a mean of 9.43 alleles per locus,and the polymorphism information content（PIC） values ranged from 0.26 to 0.91.The UPGMA（unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average） cluster analysis grouped the 28 Pyrus accessions into two groups： Oriental pears and Occidental pears,which are congruent to the traditional taxonomy,demonstrating their effectiveness in analyzing Pyrus phylogenetic relationships,enriching rare Pyrus EST-SSR resources,and confirming the potential value of a pear transcriptome database for the development of new SSR markers.

Effects of subchronic oral toxic metal exposure on the intestinal microbiota of mice

Oral exposure to toxic metals such as cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, copper （Cu） and aluminum （AI） can induce various adverse health effects in humans and animals. However, the effects of these metals on the gut microbiota have received limited attention. The present study demonstrated that long-term toxic metal exposure altered the intestinal microbiota of mice in a metal-specific and time-dependent manner. Subchronic oral Cu exposure for eight weeks caused a profound decline in gut microbial diversity in mice, whereas no significant changes were observed in groups treated with other metals. Cd exposure signif- icantly increased the relative abundances of organisms from the genera Alistipes and Odoribacter and caused marked decreases in Mollicutes and unclassified Ruminococcaceae. Pb exposure significantly decreased the abundances of eight genera： unclassified and uncultured Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminiclostridium_9, Rikenellaceae_RCg_gut group, Oscillibacter, Anaerotruncus and Lachnoclostridium. Cu exposure affected abundances of the genera Alistipes, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, AUobaculum, Mollicutes_RF9_norank, Rikenellaceae_RCg gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and Turicibacter. A1 exposure increased the abundance of Odoribacter and decreased that of Anaerotruncus. Exposure to any metal for eight weeks significantly decreased the abun- dance of Akkermansia. These results provide a new understanding regarding the role of toxic metals in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic disorders in the host within the gut microbiota framework.

Genetic diversity of coronaviruses in Miniopterus fuliginosus bats

Coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, pose significant public health threats. Bats have been suggested to act as natural reservoirs for both these viruses, and periodic monitoring of coronaviruses in bats may thus provide important clues about emergent infectious viruses. The Eastern bent-wing bat Miniopterus fuliginosus is distributed extensively throughout China. We therefore analyzed the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in samples of M. fuliginosus collected from nine Chinese provinces during 2011–2013. The only coronavirus genus found was Alphacoronavirus. We established six complete and five partial genomic sequences of alphacoronaviruses, which revealed that they could be divided into two distinct lineages, with close relationships to coronaviruses in Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus pusillus. Recombination was confirmed by detecting putative breakpoints of Lineage 1 coronaviruses in M. fuliginosus and M. pusillus(Wu et al., 2015), which supported the results of topological and phylogenetic analyses. The established alphacoronavirus genome sequences showed high similarity to other alphacoronaviruses found in other Miniopterus species, suggesting that their transmission in different Miniopterus species may provide opportunities for recombination with different alphacoronaviruses. The genetic information for these novel alphacoronaviruses will improve our understanding of the evolution and genetic diversity of coronaviruses, with potentially important implications for the transmission of human diseases.