The author knows how to interpret the city is a complex task that met the physical form and also all the images that are transmitted by the sensations. However the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of...The author knows how to interpret the city is a complex task that met the physical form and also all the images that are transmitted by the sensations. However the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of studying the morphological categories, using the geometric attributes of the shape of places, facilitating the development of three-dimensional view of the architects, in particular for students of architecture. This article is part of the Project ＂Education of the Eye＂ which introduces the training of the eye as a strategy to understand the architectural forms characterizing the volumetric space （architectural, urban and landscaping）, through the polyhedra and their relationships. It is linked to the research line Teaching of Architecture Graduate Program in Architecture -- PROARQ-FAU/UFRJ. The investigation of the way in this direction, interacts with the knowledge produced by the groups SEL-RJ -- Research Group on Systems of Open Spaces in Rio de Janeiro, ProLUGAR -- Design and Quality of Place and EAG-Education-Environment Group.展开更多
Many herbal medicines have so far been utilized for the treatment of various ailments since the beginning of Chinese civilization. Aconitum is a botanical source for various pharmaceutically active components, which h...Many herbal medicines have so far been utilized for the treatment of various ailments since the beginning of Chinese civilization. Aconitum is a botanical source for various pharmaceutically active components, which has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Increasing interest in Aconitum pharmaceutical resources has led to further discoveries of diterpenoid alkaloids, polysaccharides, fiavonoids and many other compounds in various Aconitum species, and to investigations on their chemotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny and pharmacology. In continuation with our studies on Aconitum pharmacophylogeny, here we review the phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology and phylogeny of Aconitum and their relevance to therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. An exhaustive literature survey is used to summarize the global scientific effort in the phytochemical and biological studies of Aconitum. More diterpenoid alkaloids have been found in various Aconitum species, among which the aconitine type （type III） is predominant. The versatile bioactivities of alkaloids and extracts, as well as the bioactivities of polysaccharides and other ingredients, are summarized and discussed in this review. The morphology-based 11-series classification of section Aconitum, subgenus Aconitum, is not supported by chemotaxonomy and molecular phylogeny. Molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences divided the nine morphologically similar series into two clusters, which is bolstered by the chemotaxonomic data. It is essential to integrate the emerging technologies into Aconitum studies for both the sustainable utilization of Aconitum pharmaceutical resources and finding novel compounds with potential clinical utility and less toxicity. Systems biology and omics technologies will play an increasingly important role in booming pharmaceutical research involving bioactive compounds of Aconitum.展开更多
Detailed soil surveys involve costly and time-consuming work and require expert knowledge. Since soil surveys provide information to meet a wide range of needs, new methods are necessary to map soils quickly and accur...Detailed soil surveys involve costly and time-consuming work and require expert knowledge. Since soil surveys provide information to meet a wide range of needs, new methods are necessary to map soils quickly and accurately. In this study, multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks(ANNs) were developed to map soil units using digital elevation model(DEM) attributes. Several optimal ANNs were produced based on a number of input data and hidden units. The approach used test and validation areas to calculate the accuracy of interpolated and extrapolated data. The results showed that the system and level of soil classification employed had a direct effect on the accuracy of the results. At the lowest level, smaller errors were observed with the World Reference Base(WRB)classification criteria than the Soil Taxonomy(ST) system, but more soil classes could be predicted when using ST(7 soils in the case of ST vs. 5 with WRB). Training errors were below 11% for all the ANN models applied, while the test error(interpolation error) and validation error(extrapolation error) were as high as 50% and 70%, respectively. As expected, soil prediction using a higher level of classification presented a better overall level of accuracy. To obtain better predictions, in addition to DEM attributes, data related to landforms and/or lithology as soil-forming factors, should be used as ANN input data.展开更多
文摘The author knows how to interpret the city is a complex task that met the physical form and also all the images that are transmitted by the sensations. However the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of studying the morphological categories, using the geometric attributes of the shape of places, facilitating the development of three-dimensional view of the architects, in particular for students of architecture. This article is part of the Project ＂Education of the Eye＂ which introduces the training of the eye as a strategy to understand the architectural forms characterizing the volumetric space （architectural, urban and landscaping）, through the polyhedra and their relationships. It is linked to the research line Teaching of Architecture Graduate Program in Architecture -- PROARQ-FAU/UFRJ. The investigation of the way in this direction, interacts with the knowledge produced by the groups SEL-RJ -- Research Group on Systems of Open Spaces in Rio de Janeiro, ProLUGAR -- Design and Quality of Place and EAG-Education-Environment Group.
基金Dalian Jiaotong University and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Science and Technology National Support Program (Grant No. 2012BAI29B01)
文摘Many herbal medicines have so far been utilized for the treatment of various ailments since the beginning of Chinese civilization. Aconitum is a botanical source for various pharmaceutically active components, which has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Increasing interest in Aconitum pharmaceutical resources has led to further discoveries of diterpenoid alkaloids, polysaccharides, fiavonoids and many other compounds in various Aconitum species, and to investigations on their chemotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny and pharmacology. In continuation with our studies on Aconitum pharmacophylogeny, here we review the phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology and phylogeny of Aconitum and their relevance to therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. An exhaustive literature survey is used to summarize the global scientific effort in the phytochemical and biological studies of Aconitum. More diterpenoid alkaloids have been found in various Aconitum species, among which the aconitine type （type III） is predominant. The versatile bioactivities of alkaloids and extracts, as well as the bioactivities of polysaccharides and other ingredients, are summarized and discussed in this review. The morphology-based 11-series classification of section Aconitum, subgenus Aconitum, is not supported by chemotaxonomy and molecular phylogeny. Molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences divided the nine morphologically similar series into two clusters, which is bolstered by the chemotaxonomic data. It is essential to integrate the emerging technologies into Aconitum studies for both the sustainable utilization of Aconitum pharmaceutical resources and finding novel compounds with potential clinical utility and less toxicity. Systems biology and omics technologies will play an increasingly important role in booming pharmaceutical research involving bioactive compounds of Aconitum.
文摘Detailed soil surveys involve costly and time-consuming work and require expert knowledge. Since soil surveys provide information to meet a wide range of needs, new methods are necessary to map soils quickly and accurately. In this study, multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks(ANNs) were developed to map soil units using digital elevation model(DEM) attributes. Several optimal ANNs were produced based on a number of input data and hidden units. The approach used test and validation areas to calculate the accuracy of interpolated and extrapolated data. The results showed that the system and level of soil classification employed had a direct effect on the accuracy of the results. At the lowest level, smaller errors were observed with the World Reference Base(WRB)classification criteria than the Soil Taxonomy(ST) system, but more soil classes could be predicted when using ST(7 soils in the case of ST vs. 5 with WRB). Training errors were below 11% for all the ANN models applied, while the test error(interpolation error) and validation error(extrapolation error) were as high as 50% and 70%, respectively. As expected, soil prediction using a higher level of classification presented a better overall level of accuracy. To obtain better predictions, in addition to DEM attributes, data related to landforms and/or lithology as soil-forming factors, should be used as ANN input data.
