Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitn...Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity(PA) capacities.The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations.The purpose of this article was to review the measurement,determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth(i.e.,children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS:1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity;2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity;3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity;and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence.Future research should focus on:1) strength testing and training protocols;2) methodologies to determine PA levels;and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.展开更多
This article examines the interaction of multiple cracks in an infinite plate by using a numerical method. The numerical method consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and S...This article examines the interaction of multiple cracks in an infinite plate by using a numerical method. The numerical method consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Startled and the crack tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by the author. In the numerical method implementation, the left or the right crack tip element is placed locally at the corresponding left or right crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. The numerical method is called a hybrid displacement discontinuity method. The following test examples of crack problems in an infinite plate under tension are included： “ center-inclined cracked plate”, “interaction of two collinear cracks with equal length”, “interaction of three collinear cracks with equal length”, “interaction of two parallel cracks with equal length”, and “interaction of one horizontal crack and one inclined crack”. The present numerical results show that the numerical method is simple yet very accurate for analyzing the interaction of multiple cracks in an infinite plate.展开更多
AIM To investigate the factors predictive of failure when placing a second biliary self-expandable metallic stents(SEMSs). METHODS This study evaluated 65 patients with an unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruct...AIM To investigate the factors predictive of failure when placing a second biliary self-expandable metallic stents(SEMSs). METHODS This study evaluated 65 patients with an unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction who were examined in our hospital. Sixty-two of these patients were recruited to the study and divided into two groups: the success group, which consisted of patients in whom a stent-in-stent SEMS had been placed successfully, and the failure group, which consisted of patients in whom the stent-in-stent SEMS had not been placed successfully. We compared the characteristics of the patients, the stricture state of their biliary ducts, and the implemented endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) procedures between the two groups.RESULTS The angle between the target biliary duct stricture and the first implanted SEMS was significantly larger in the failure group than in the success group. There were significantly fewer wire or dilation devices(ERCP catheter, dilator, or balloon catheter) passing the first SEMS cell in the failure group than in the success group. The cut-off value of the angle predicting stent-in-stent SEMS placement failure was 49.7 degrees according to the ROC curve(sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 61.2%). Furthermore, the angle was significantly smaller in patients with wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell than in patients without wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell. CONCLUSION A large angle was identified as a predictive factor for failure of stent-in-stent SEMS placement.展开更多
文摘Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity(PA) capacities.The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations.The purpose of this article was to review the measurement,determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth(i.e.,children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS:1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity;2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity;3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity;and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence.Future research should focus on:1) strength testing and training protocols;2) methodologies to determine PA levels;and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.
文摘This article examines the interaction of multiple cracks in an infinite plate by using a numerical method. The numerical method consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Startled and the crack tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by the author. In the numerical method implementation, the left or the right crack tip element is placed locally at the corresponding left or right crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. The numerical method is called a hybrid displacement discontinuity method. The following test examples of crack problems in an infinite plate under tension are included： “ center-inclined cracked plate”, “interaction of two collinear cracks with equal length”, “interaction of three collinear cracks with equal length”, “interaction of two parallel cracks with equal length”, and “interaction of one horizontal crack and one inclined crack”. The present numerical results show that the numerical method is simple yet very accurate for analyzing the interaction of multiple cracks in an infinite plate.
基金Supported by Department of Gastroenterology,Fukushima Medical University,School of Medicine
文摘AIM To investigate the factors predictive of failure when placing a second biliary self-expandable metallic stents(SEMSs). METHODS This study evaluated 65 patients with an unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction who were examined in our hospital. Sixty-two of these patients were recruited to the study and divided into two groups: the success group, which consisted of patients in whom a stent-in-stent SEMS had been placed successfully, and the failure group, which consisted of patients in whom the stent-in-stent SEMS had not been placed successfully. We compared the characteristics of the patients, the stricture state of their biliary ducts, and the implemented endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) procedures between the two groups.RESULTS The angle between the target biliary duct stricture and the first implanted SEMS was significantly larger in the failure group than in the success group. There were significantly fewer wire or dilation devices(ERCP catheter, dilator, or balloon catheter) passing the first SEMS cell in the failure group than in the success group. The cut-off value of the angle predicting stent-in-stent SEMS placement failure was 49.7 degrees according to the ROC curve(sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 61.2%). Furthermore, the angle was significantly smaller in patients with wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell than in patients without wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell. CONCLUSION A large angle was identified as a predictive factor for failure of stent-in-stent SEMS placement.
