The identity of two Lyristes species described by Schmidt is readdressed based on examination of the type materials. Lyristes wui Schmidt, 1932 is recognized to be a junior synonym of Salvazana mirabilis Distant, 1913...The identity of two Lyristes species described by Schmidt is readdressed based on examination of the type materials. Lyristes wui Schmidt, 1932 is recognized to be a junior synonym of Salvazana mirabilis Distant, 1913, and Lyristes altaiensis Schmidt, 1932 is a junior synonym of a North American species, Neotibicen resh （Haldeman, 1852）. Lyristes altaiensis may have been erroneously recorded from China most possibly due to the mislabeling of the holotype.展开更多
In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spai...In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spain and Holland, which caused extensive economic losses. The parasitic fungi isolated from the edible mushroom belonged to four biotypes, Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 of T. harzianum. However, among these biotypes, only Th2 (since c lassified as T. aggressivum f. europaeum) and Th4 (T. aggressivum f. aggressivum) were identified as the fungi causing problems in Agaricus production. In general, mushroom compost hosts both aggressive and innocuous is olates of Trichoderma, which are not morphologically distinguishable. Abo ut four years ago, a problem with green mold became apparent in the production o f Pleurotus ostreatus in Northern Italy, which eventually developed to a c risis situation in the South two years later and threatened to seriously comprom ise the Pleurotus market. This study was initiated to: isolate and identif y the aggressive fungi, then morphologically, physiologically and genetically characterize the isolates, dete rmine the source and phases of infection, and study methods of control. Samples were obtained from different phases of compost preparation at the locality of a major producer and supplier of compost to the mushroom industry in Southern Ital y, and microbial counts were conducted. Although the presence of Trichoderma was detected in the initial stages of composting, this value was reduced to zero from the phase of pasteurization to seeding with Pleurotus. Trichoderma infestations were noted in the packaged Pleurotus bales at various time s during the incubation phase (7-15 days after seeding) and after shipping to th e mushroom greenhouses, where the pathogen infestations greatly reduced the qual ity and quantity of the mushroom yield, as well as the number of potential harvest cycles. Preliminary r esults from the morphological and genetic characterization of Trichoderma isolates parasitic to Pleurotus indicated that they are different from bot h T. aggressivum forms parasitic to Agaricus, and the majority of the isolates probably belong to the species T. harzianum. In vitr o confrontation plates were performed with 26 isolates of aggressive Trich oderma obtained from compost, three Trichoderma isolates used in biolog ical control and 12 varieties of Pleurotus. No inhibitory effect was obse rved between any of the Trichoderma isolates with Pleurotus, althou gh some growth inhibition was caused by the biocontrol isolates of Trichoderm a on some of the aggressive isolates. The temperature optimum for Pleurotus growth was at 28 ℃, whereas Trichoderma grew well at a wider range (20- 28 ℃), and exceeded the growth rate of Pleurotus by three times at 25 ℃. T he pH optimum for the growth of Pleurotus was alkaline (pH 8-9) whereas Trichoderma preferred acidic-neutral pH (5-7) . Various commercial fungicides used in agriculture (procloraz, thiabendazole, dichloran, benomyl, p r opiconazole, thiofanatomethyl) were tested against the aggressive and biocontro l isolates of Trichoderma, as well as the different varieties of Pleuro tus to determine dose response curves and combinations that would inhibit spo re germination, mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation. Both procloraz and thiabendazole, which are pesticides allowed in e dible mushroom production, were found to control the growth of the aggressive Trichoderma isolates and did not have a negative effect on Pleurotus.展开更多
This paper mainly summarizes recent advances in the classification of Bursaphelenchus species, introduces several common methods of molecular biologi- cal detection and identification methods, and analyzes the advanta...This paper mainly summarizes recent advances in the classification of Bursaphelenchus species, introduces several common methods of molecular biologi- cal detection and identification methods, and analyzes the advantages and disad- vantages of these methods.展开更多
In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45--65℃ （with 55℃ being the optimum temperature） was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in...In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45--65℃ （with 55℃ being the optimum temperature） was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） showed that there were nine strains included in KO8-2, which originated from the genera of Bacillus, Geobacillus and Clostridium. They all belonged to thermophilic bacteria, and had been previously proved as degraders of at least one petroleum fraction. The crude oil degraded by KO8-2 was analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, hydrocarbon group type analysis and gas chromatography. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium KO8-2 was able to utilize 64.33% of saturates, 27.06% of aromatics, 13.24% of resins and the oil removal efficiency reached up to 58.73% at 55 ~C when the oil concentration was 10 g/L. Detailed analysis showed that KO8-2 was able to utilize the hydrocarbon components before C19, and the n-alkanes ranging from C20--C33 were signifi- cantly degraded. The ratios of nC17/Pr and nC18/Ph were 3.12 and 3.87, respectively, before degradation, whereas after degradation the ratios reduced to 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the oil removal efficiency in KO8-2 composting reactor reached 50.12% after a degradation duration of 60 days.展开更多
In the North-East of the Moldavian Platform, the upper Badenian is composed of three lithologic units, on top of which there is Limestones and Marls with Lithothamnium Formation. At the level of this formation, the ge...In the North-East of the Moldavian Platform, the upper Badenian is composed of three lithologic units, on top of which there is Limestones and Marls with Lithothamnium Formation. At the level of this formation, the geological research conducted in four localities near the Prut Valley demonstrated, based on two new foraminifera genera identified in this area--Oolina and Velapertina-favorable conditions for the development of the stenohaline fauna, a marine shelf environment with warm water, as well as the certitude regarding the age of the late Badenian for these. These results were not previously reported in this area.展开更多
We cloned and sequenced a prtV-like gene from Vibrio anguillarum M3 strain.This prtV gene encodes a putative protein of 918 amino acids,and is highly homologous to the V.cholerae prtV gene.We found that a prtV inserti...We cloned and sequenced a prtV-like gene from Vibrio anguillarum M3 strain.This prtV gene encodes a putative protein of 918 amino acids,and is highly homologous to the V.cholerae prtV gene.We found that a prtV insertion mutant strain displayed lower gelatinase activity on gelatin agar,lower protease activity against azocasein,and lower activity for four glycosidases.This prtV mutant strain also had increased activity for two esterases in its extracellular products,as analyzed by the API ZYM system.In addition,the prtV mutant strain exhibited decreased growth in turbot intestinal mucus and reduced hemolytic activity on turbot erythrocytes.Infection experiments showed that the LD50 of the prtV mutant strain increased by at least 1 log compared to the wild-type in turbot fish.We propose that prtV plays an important role in the pathogenesis of V.anguillarum.展开更多
文摘The identity of two Lyristes species described by Schmidt is readdressed based on examination of the type materials. Lyristes wui Schmidt, 1932 is recognized to be a junior synonym of Salvazana mirabilis Distant, 1913, and Lyristes altaiensis Schmidt, 1932 is a junior synonym of a North American species, Neotibicen resh （Haldeman, 1852）. Lyristes altaiensis may have been erroneously recorded from China most possibly due to the mislabeling of the holotype.
文摘In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spain and Holland, which caused extensive economic losses. The parasitic fungi isolated from the edible mushroom belonged to four biotypes, Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 of T. harzianum. However, among these biotypes, only Th2 (since c lassified as T. aggressivum f. europaeum) and Th4 (T. aggressivum f. aggressivum) were identified as the fungi causing problems in Agaricus production. In general, mushroom compost hosts both aggressive and innocuous is olates of Trichoderma, which are not morphologically distinguishable. Abo ut four years ago, a problem with green mold became apparent in the production o f Pleurotus ostreatus in Northern Italy, which eventually developed to a c risis situation in the South two years later and threatened to seriously comprom ise the Pleurotus market. This study was initiated to: isolate and identif y the aggressive fungi, then morphologically, physiologically and genetically characterize the isolates, dete rmine the source and phases of infection, and study methods of control. Samples were obtained from different phases of compost preparation at the locality of a major producer and supplier of compost to the mushroom industry in Southern Ital y, and microbial counts were conducted. Although the presence of Trichoderma was detected in the initial stages of composting, this value was reduced to zero from the phase of pasteurization to seeding with Pleurotus. Trichoderma infestations were noted in the packaged Pleurotus bales at various time s during the incubation phase (7-15 days after seeding) and after shipping to th e mushroom greenhouses, where the pathogen infestations greatly reduced the qual ity and quantity of the mushroom yield, as well as the number of potential harvest cycles. Preliminary r esults from the morphological and genetic characterization of Trichoderma isolates parasitic to Pleurotus indicated that they are different from bot h T. aggressivum forms parasitic to Agaricus, and the majority of the isolates probably belong to the species T. harzianum. In vitr o confrontation plates were performed with 26 isolates of aggressive Trich oderma obtained from compost, three Trichoderma isolates used in biolog ical control and 12 varieties of Pleurotus. No inhibitory effect was obse rved between any of the Trichoderma isolates with Pleurotus, althou gh some growth inhibition was caused by the biocontrol isolates of Trichoderm a on some of the aggressive isolates. The temperature optimum for Pleurotus growth was at 28 ℃, whereas Trichoderma grew well at a wider range (20- 28 ℃), and exceeded the growth rate of Pleurotus by three times at 25 ℃. T he pH optimum for the growth of Pleurotus was alkaline (pH 8-9) whereas Trichoderma preferred acidic-neutral pH (5-7) . Various commercial fungicides used in agriculture (procloraz, thiabendazole, dichloran, benomyl, p r opiconazole, thiofanatomethyl) were tested against the aggressive and biocontro l isolates of Trichoderma, as well as the different varieties of Pleuro tus to determine dose response curves and combinations that would inhibit spo re germination, mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation. Both procloraz and thiabendazole, which are pesticides allowed in e dible mushroom production, were found to control the growth of the aggressive Trichoderma isolates and did not have a negative effect on Pleurotus.
基金Supported by Science Research Project of Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau(YK12-2013)~~
文摘This paper mainly summarizes recent advances in the classification of Bursaphelenchus species, introduces several common methods of molecular biologi- cal detection and identification methods, and analyzes the advantages and disad- vantages of these methods.
基金the support provided by the Research&Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(No.2008D-4704-2)
文摘In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45--65℃ （with 55℃ being the optimum temperature） was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） showed that there were nine strains included in KO8-2, which originated from the genera of Bacillus, Geobacillus and Clostridium. They all belonged to thermophilic bacteria, and had been previously proved as degraders of at least one petroleum fraction. The crude oil degraded by KO8-2 was analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, hydrocarbon group type analysis and gas chromatography. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium KO8-2 was able to utilize 64.33% of saturates, 27.06% of aromatics, 13.24% of resins and the oil removal efficiency reached up to 58.73% at 55 ~C when the oil concentration was 10 g/L. Detailed analysis showed that KO8-2 was able to utilize the hydrocarbon components before C19, and the n-alkanes ranging from C20--C33 were signifi- cantly degraded. The ratios of nC17/Pr and nC18/Ph were 3.12 and 3.87, respectively, before degradation, whereas after degradation the ratios reduced to 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the oil removal efficiency in KO8-2 composting reactor reached 50.12% after a degradation duration of 60 days.
文摘In the North-East of the Moldavian Platform, the upper Badenian is composed of three lithologic units, on top of which there is Limestones and Marls with Lithothamnium Formation. At the level of this formation, the geological research conducted in four localities near the Prut Valley demonstrated, based on two new foraminifera genera identified in this area--Oolina and Velapertina-favorable conditions for the development of the stenohaline fauna, a marine shelf environment with warm water, as well as the certitude regarding the age of the late Badenian for these. These results were not previously reported in this area.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2006CB101803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30871935)the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) (No. 2003AA622070)
文摘We cloned and sequenced a prtV-like gene from Vibrio anguillarum M3 strain.This prtV gene encodes a putative protein of 918 amino acids,and is highly homologous to the V.cholerae prtV gene.We found that a prtV insertion mutant strain displayed lower gelatinase activity on gelatin agar,lower protease activity against azocasein,and lower activity for four glycosidases.This prtV mutant strain also had increased activity for two esterases in its extracellular products,as analyzed by the API ZYM system.In addition,the prtV mutant strain exhibited decreased growth in turbot intestinal mucus and reduced hemolytic activity on turbot erythrocytes.Infection experiments showed that the LD50 of the prtV mutant strain increased by at least 1 log compared to the wild-type in turbot fish.We propose that prtV plays an important role in the pathogenesis of V.anguillarum.
