This paper described the main four basic models of ideal landscape in the Mount Lushan National Park as Kunlunshan model, Xumishan model, Peach flower land model, Christian model. Five typical places in Mount Lushan w...This paper described the main four basic models of ideal landscape in the Mount Lushan National Park as Kunlunshan model, Xumishan model, Peach flower land model, Christian model. Five typical places in Mount Lushan with the ideal landscape characteristics like the East Grove Temple, White Deer Cave Academy, Simplicity and Tranquility Monastery, Lushan Valley, and Villa-cluster of the East Valley were analyzed, and the integration of the basic models for each place was discussed to make the realistic landscape conform to the ideal needs. Moreover, the discussions also involved the characteristics of ideal landscape that are featured in resource, culture, structure, function, process, scale and region. In conclusion, ideal landscape in the Mount Lushan National Park was the product of the interaction between human and nature. Mount Lushan inherits the essence of Chinese traditional culture with a history of more than 1000 years; and it also absorbs the manna of the Western culture as well as the exchanges between nature and humanities together with the conflict and adaptation among different cultures. The natural landscape could be satisfied with the survival demand and cultural taste of mankind by the way of ecological planning.展开更多
The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industr...The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.展开更多
This study analyses the possibilities for optimal land use structure in mountainous areas of rural Serbia, which is faced with problems such as unfavorable terrain characteristics and inadequate land use patterns caus...This study analyses the possibilities for optimal land use structure in mountainous areas of rural Serbia, which is faced with problems such as unfavorable terrain characteristics and inadequate land use patterns causing economic underdevelopment and increasing population migration. In the case of a small privately owned farm in Western Serbia, optimal land use pattern is determined using the linear programming model. The objective function-cost-effectiveness or soil erosion reduction, as well as constraints, are formulated using the benefit-cost ratio(BCR) for a 15-year production period and soil losses data calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE). The best results are achieved using the scenario with the aim to minimize soil erosion, considering the BCR in the constraints. This scenario is proposed since it was registered that the benefit for landowners would increase by five times, while the losses of land would decline about 80%. The sensitivity analysis of investments is performed to check whether the price variation affects the cost-effectiveness of proposed land use. Results show that market changes(nine cases are considered) do not lead to significant changes in land use allocation. Proposed land use pattern improves the environmental condition, strengthens the rural economy and thus offers the greatest potential for sustainable development of mountainous rural areas.展开更多
The present paper gives an insight into the distribution and use pattern of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State. A total of 222 medicinal and aromatic shrub species have been appended based on secondary information....The present paper gives an insight into the distribution and use pattern of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State. A total of 222 medicinal and aromatic shrub species have been appended based on secondary information. Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Verbenaceae, and Fabaceae have the highest repre- sentatives of medicinal shrubs. Twenty one families had one species each in medicinal use. Verbenaceae and Euphorbiaceae in the sub-tropical region, Rosaceae in the temperate region, and Ericaceae and Rosaceae in the sub-alpine and alpine regions, respectively, had the highest representatives of medicinal shrubs. The distribution of medicinal shrubs was 42 % in sub-tropical, 29 % in warm temperate, 13 % in cool temperate, 9 % in sub-alpine and 7 % in the alpine region. Of the total species, 70 medicinal shrubs were native to the Himalayas and 22 native to Himalayan region including other Hima- layan countries. The most frequently used plant parts for various ailments were leaves (31 %) and roots (23 %). Most shrubs are being used for the diseases, viz. skin diseases, dysentery, cough, fever, wounds, and rheumatism. The present paper will help in the execution of strategies for promotion and cultivation of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State.展开更多
To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） metho...To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） methods. A distributed hydrological model was developed, and watershed parameters were determined based on satellite imagery, digital terrain models, digital maps and field investigations. Two types of erosion control measures were investigated： the variation of vegetation covers and the change of cultivation techniques. Seven scenarios were considered for the test watershed. The results show： （1） while the de-vegetation results in the increase of peak discharge, the improve of vegetation covers decreases peak discharge at watershed scale; （2） by both improving vegetation cover and enhancing terrace-cultivation technology, the peak discharge is reduced and the peak flow arrival time is delayed; （3） attention should be attached to both early warning system and measures changing the underlying surface and conveyance systems.展开更多
The Upper Carboniferous in northern Xinjiang, China was formed in a post-collisional depression and collapsed structural setting. Within the Upper Carboniferous, volcanic rocks and source rocks alternate over a wide r...The Upper Carboniferous in northern Xinjiang, China was formed in a post-collisional depression and collapsed structural setting. Within the Upper Carboniferous, volcanic rocks and source rocks alternate over a wide region. At the end of the Carboniferous, these layers were uplifted by plate collisions and subsequently weathered and leached. Volcanic weathering and leaching led to the establishment of weathered crusts that can be divided into five layers. Corrosion and crumble zones in these layers form favorable reservoirs. Volcanic weathering crust formed in sub-aerially exposed paleogeomorphic areas; the five relatively continuous layers are generally preserved in paleogeomorphic lowland and slope regions, but the upper soil layer is usually absent in structurally higher parts of the rock record. The thickness of the weathered layer has a positive nonlinear ex- ponential relationship to the duration of weathering and leaching, and the dynamic equilibrium time of weathered crust is about 36.3 Ma. The thickest weathered layer （~450 m） is located in fracture zones. Weathered crusts are possible from a range of volcanic rocks with different lithologies, given sufficient time for weathering and leaching. The combination of volcanic weathered crust and source rocks results in three types of hydrocarbon accumulation models： （1） sequences of volcanic weathered crust interbedded with source rocks, （2） a quasi-layered weathered volcanic core located above source rocks, and （3） volcanic rocks associated with pectinate unconformities adjacent to source rocks. Each of these three types has the potential to form a giant stratigraphic reservoir of volcanic weathered crust. This knowledge has changed the traditional exploration model of searching for favorable lithologic and lithofacies zones in volcanic rocks, and has changed the viewpoint that the Carboniferous does not have the genetic potential to be the basement of the basin in northern Xinjiang. The concepts developed here are of great scientific significance and application for focusing oil and gas exploration on volcanic weathered crust. As such, the Paleozoic volcanic weathered crust in the midwestern part of China may possibly contain large-scale stratigraphic reservoirs and thus could be a new oil and gas exploration target in the future.展开更多
基金supported by "Cities Farming for the Future, RUAF-CFF"funded by DGIS of the Netherlands and IDRC of Canada+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70503007)the Graduate’s Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincethe Graduate’s Scientific Research Foundation of Central South University of Forestry and Technology (2006bx03)
文摘This paper described the main four basic models of ideal landscape in the Mount Lushan National Park as Kunlunshan model, Xumishan model, Peach flower land model, Christian model. Five typical places in Mount Lushan with the ideal landscape characteristics like the East Grove Temple, White Deer Cave Academy, Simplicity and Tranquility Monastery, Lushan Valley, and Villa-cluster of the East Valley were analyzed, and the integration of the basic models for each place was discussed to make the realistic landscape conform to the ideal needs. Moreover, the discussions also involved the characteristics of ideal landscape that are featured in resource, culture, structure, function, process, scale and region. In conclusion, ideal landscape in the Mount Lushan National Park was the product of the interaction between human and nature. Mount Lushan inherits the essence of Chinese traditional culture with a history of more than 1000 years; and it also absorbs the manna of the Western culture as well as the exchanges between nature and humanities together with the conflict and adaptation among different cultures. The natural landscape could be satisfied with the survival demand and cultural taste of mankind by the way of ecological planning.
文摘The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.
基金a part of the Project No.43007,subproject No.16 funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia
文摘This study analyses the possibilities for optimal land use structure in mountainous areas of rural Serbia, which is faced with problems such as unfavorable terrain characteristics and inadequate land use patterns causing economic underdevelopment and increasing population migration. In the case of a small privately owned farm in Western Serbia, optimal land use pattern is determined using the linear programming model. The objective function-cost-effectiveness or soil erosion reduction, as well as constraints, are formulated using the benefit-cost ratio(BCR) for a 15-year production period and soil losses data calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE). The best results are achieved using the scenario with the aim to minimize soil erosion, considering the BCR in the constraints. This scenario is proposed since it was registered that the benefit for landowners would increase by five times, while the losses of land would decline about 80%. The sensitivity analysis of investments is performed to check whether the price variation affects the cost-effectiveness of proposed land use. Results show that market changes(nine cases are considered) do not lead to significant changes in land use allocation. Proposed land use pattern improves the environmental condition, strengthens the rural economy and thus offers the greatest potential for sustainable development of mountainous rural areas.
文摘The present paper gives an insight into the distribution and use pattern of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State. A total of 222 medicinal and aromatic shrub species have been appended based on secondary information. Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Verbenaceae, and Fabaceae have the highest repre- sentatives of medicinal shrubs. Twenty one families had one species each in medicinal use. Verbenaceae and Euphorbiaceae in the sub-tropical region, Rosaceae in the temperate region, and Ericaceae and Rosaceae in the sub-alpine and alpine regions, respectively, had the highest representatives of medicinal shrubs. The distribution of medicinal shrubs was 42 % in sub-tropical, 29 % in warm temperate, 13 % in cool temperate, 9 % in sub-alpine and 7 % in the alpine region. Of the total species, 70 medicinal shrubs were native to the Himalayas and 22 native to Himalayan region including other Hima- layan countries. The most frequently used plant parts for various ailments were leaves (31 %) and roots (23 %). Most shrubs are being used for the diseases, viz. skin diseases, dysentery, cough, fever, wounds, and rheumatism. The present paper will help in the execution of strategies for promotion and cultivation of medicinal shrubs in Uttaranchal State.
文摘To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） methods. A distributed hydrological model was developed, and watershed parameters were determined based on satellite imagery, digital terrain models, digital maps and field investigations. Two types of erosion control measures were investigated： the variation of vegetation covers and the change of cultivation techniques. Seven scenarios were considered for the test watershed. The results show： （1） while the de-vegetation results in the increase of peak discharge, the improve of vegetation covers decreases peak discharge at watershed scale; （2） by both improving vegetation cover and enhancing terrace-cultivation technology, the peak discharge is reduced and the peak flow arrival time is delayed; （3） attention should be attached to both early warning system and measures changing the underlying surface and conveyance systems.
基金supported by National S&T Major Project (Grant No. 2008ZX05001)Major Brainstorm Project of CNPC-provided Financial Aid (Grant No. 06-01A-01-01)
文摘The Upper Carboniferous in northern Xinjiang, China was formed in a post-collisional depression and collapsed structural setting. Within the Upper Carboniferous, volcanic rocks and source rocks alternate over a wide region. At the end of the Carboniferous, these layers were uplifted by plate collisions and subsequently weathered and leached. Volcanic weathering and leaching led to the establishment of weathered crusts that can be divided into five layers. Corrosion and crumble zones in these layers form favorable reservoirs. Volcanic weathering crust formed in sub-aerially exposed paleogeomorphic areas; the five relatively continuous layers are generally preserved in paleogeomorphic lowland and slope regions, but the upper soil layer is usually absent in structurally higher parts of the rock record. The thickness of the weathered layer has a positive nonlinear ex- ponential relationship to the duration of weathering and leaching, and the dynamic equilibrium time of weathered crust is about 36.3 Ma. The thickest weathered layer （~450 m） is located in fracture zones. Weathered crusts are possible from a range of volcanic rocks with different lithologies, given sufficient time for weathering and leaching. The combination of volcanic weathered crust and source rocks results in three types of hydrocarbon accumulation models： （1） sequences of volcanic weathered crust interbedded with source rocks, （2） a quasi-layered weathered volcanic core located above source rocks, and （3） volcanic rocks associated with pectinate unconformities adjacent to source rocks. Each of these three types has the potential to form a giant stratigraphic reservoir of volcanic weathered crust. This knowledge has changed the traditional exploration model of searching for favorable lithologic and lithofacies zones in volcanic rocks, and has changed the viewpoint that the Carboniferous does not have the genetic potential to be the basement of the basin in northern Xinjiang. The concepts developed here are of great scientific significance and application for focusing oil and gas exploration on volcanic weathered crust. As such, the Paleozoic volcanic weathered crust in the midwestern part of China may possibly contain large-scale stratigraphic reservoirs and thus could be a new oil and gas exploration target in the future.
