山地土地类型的结构分析与优化利用——以陕西秦岭山地为例

山地土地类型的多样性及其结构格局的序列性特征明显 ,相应地呈现出土地类型在空间、数量和质量等 3个方面的基本格局型式。格局分析能够揭示土地类型结构与功能的异质性及其有序性 ,从而为全面认识土地类型群体的生态属性与其演替规律提供重要的理论依据 ,同时为土地利用优化配置的实践提供科学指导。以陕西秦岭山地为例 ,进行了土地类型的结构分析 ,并根据山地类型结构格局的空间层次性、结构多级性和功能多元性的特点 ,提出了不同空间尺度下山地土地利用配置的模式及其优化利用方案。

山地森林类型自然保护区次级自然单元植物景观资源异质性评价--以甘肃连城国家级自然保护区为例

【目的】为更详尽地掌握山地森林类型自然保护区内植物景观资源情况,以甘肃连城国家级自然保护区为例,比较各个次级自然单元植物景观资源的差异,以便为保护区森林植物景观资源的开发利用与规划、管理提供更详尽的资料.【方法】基于生态旅游角度,运用层次分析法(AHP法),以次级自然单元为评价尺度,构建了由植物景观资源价值、环境条件、服务功能3个方面4个层次20个评估因子组成的山地森林类型自然保护区次级自然单元植物景观资源评价体系;并通过分级量化指标,对指标进行权重分析,同时提出了自然保护区内在次级自然单元植物景观资源异质性评判标准和具体的评判方法;最后运用此方法对甘肃连城国家级自然保护区的14个次级自然单元植物景观资源进行评判.【结果】影响自然保护区次级自然单元植物景观资源综合评价权重最高的是植物景观资源价值(0.674),其次是环境条件(0.225),服务功能(0.101)的权重值最小;在选取的20个评价指标中,森林覆盖率(0.2043)权重最大,植物资源的珍稀性(0.1802)的权重次之,植物种类多样性(0.1443)的权重位居第三,可居留性(0.0010)对植物景观资源综合评价的贡献最小;甘肃连城国家级自然保护区中植物景观资源综合价值评分吐鲁沟(8.3076)最高,其次是竹林沟(7.9723),岗子沟(7.9646)位居第三,苏都沟(3.8581)最小,这与实际情况吻合.【结论】植物景观资源价值是影响山地森林类型自然保护区次级自然单元植物景观资源评价的重要因素,而森林覆盖率对植物景观资源价值起着重要的影响;甘肃连城国家级自然保护区的各沟系植物景观资源差别较大,其中吐鲁沟植物景观资源状况最佳,苏都沟最差.

天津市北部近山地农村生态类型区域住宅调研

在乡村生态振兴实现农村可持续发展的背景下,文章通过查阅相关文献资料和现场调研,对天津市北部近山地农村生态类型区域现状进行分析,总结其存在的问题,并得出了相关结论,从而为天津市北部的乡村生态振兴与农村可持续发展研究提供方向。

我国山地的主要特点及其合理利用

我国是一个多山的国家,开发利用好山地资源,发展山区经济,在我国的四化建设中具有重大的战略意义。 山地一般包括丘陵。山地与平地相比,它的地势起伏急剧,垂直变化显著,土地类型与土地结构复杂多样。山地坡度大、土层薄,侵蚀与重力作用强烈,土地生态系统比较脆弱,加之人口一般稀少、交通闭塞,开发利用难度远较平原地区大。为了开发山地,必须研究不同类型山地的自然与经济特点及存在问题,在此基础上提出不同山地的开发利用途径,以有效地开发利用山区的资源。

火山地震信号和火山颤动震源模型

本文主要介绍了火山地震的类型以及在火山区特有的地震信号,如谐频信号、家族事件和地震震群.并简要介绍了与岩浆活动有着密切关系的火山颤动震源模型.

陕西秦巴山地生态格局与农业资源持续利用模式研究

山地是具有一定高度和坡度的特殊生态环境综合体。受自然分异规律与人类经济活动的双重干预和影响 ,产生了生态环境类型的垂直分异及其层带组合格局。通过土地生态类型格局分析 ,可以揭示土地生态环境类型结构与功能的异质性和有序性 ,从而为全面认识土地类型群体的生态属性及其演替规律提供理论依据 ,为农业资源利用模式的设计与优化决策提供科学指导。本文以陕西秦巴山地为例 ,利用遥感与GIS方法进行农业生态环境类型时空分异规律及其综合定量评价研究 ,划定了农业生态类型区。据此并以生态学原理和可持续发展准则为指导 ,基于不同的角度提出了山地农业资源持续利用的生态模式。

西藏中部山地植被垂直分布数量分类和排序

文章介绍对拉萨河中游墨竹工卡县甲玛沟境内的山地植物群落的144个样方的物种组成调查,用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和去势对应分析(DCA)方法对所调查的总数据进行分析。TWINPAN共划分出8个大的植被类群。经DCA排序揭示了海拔梯度下的8个植被类型的空间分布格局,反映出水、热环境因子随海拔梯度变化对决定植被类型和垂直分布格局具有显著影响。

云南山羊早期断奶技术应用与实践

1云南省山羊生产情况云南地理环境为高海拔低纬度的高原山地类型,是我国重要的牧区省份之一,长期以来羊的饲养量一直占据草食家畜的首位,且以山羊为主。据《中国畜牧业统计》2012年的资料显示[1],云南省羊年末存栏总数为913.5万只,其中山羊存栏数816.1万只、绵羊97.4万只。山羊存栏占羊类存栏总数的89.34%,在全国31个统计地区中仅少于河南、内蒙古、山东、四川等省区。

福建云霄先秦文化遗址考略

福建省云霄县境内发现的26处古代文化遗址,是中国南方先秦考古学文化类型的典型遗存。通过对其发掘与研究,既有助于认识中国东南沿海先民社会活动状况,又有助于探讨史前闽台文化的渊源关系。

Land Use Effects on Soil Organic Carbon, Microbial Biomass and Microbial Activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.

Soil respiration under three different land use types in a tropical mountain region of China

Soil respiration (SR) Wis one of the largest contributors of terrestrial CO_2 to the atmosphere.Environmental as well as physicochemical parameters influence SR and thus, different land use practices impact the emissions of soil CO_2. In this study, we measured SR, bi-monthly, over a one-year period in a terrace tea plantation, a forest tea plantation and a secondary forest, in a subtropical mountain area in Xishuangbanna, China. Along with the measurement of SR rates, soil characteristics for each of the land use systems were investigated. Soil respiration rates in the different land use systems did not differ significantly during the dry season, ranging from2.7±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1) to 2.8±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1). During the wet season, however, SR rates were significantly larger in the terrace tea plantation(5.4±0.5 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)) and secondary forest(4.9±0.4 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)) than in the forest tea plantation(3.7±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1)).This resulted in significantly larger annual soil CO_2 emissions from the terrace tea and secondary forest,than from the forest tea plantation. It is likely that these differences in the SR rates are due to the 0.5times lower soil organic carbon concentrations in thetop mineral soil in the forest tea plantation, compared to the terrace tea plantation and secondary forest.Furthermore, we suggest that the lower sensitivity to temperature variation in the forest tea soil is a result of the lower soil organic carbon concentrations. The higher SR rates in the terrace tea plantation were partly due to weeding events, which caused CO_2 emission peaks that contributed almost 10% to the annual CO_2 flux. Our findings suggest that moving away from heavily managed tea plantations towards low-input forest tea can reduce the soil CO_2 emissions from these systems. However, our study is a casestudy and further investigations and upscaling are necessary to show if these findings hold true at a landscape level.

Earthquake Monitoring and Study in the Jingpohu Volcano Cluster Area

Seismicity in the Jingpohu volcanic area was investigated based on the seismic data recorded by the mobile seismic network consisting of 14 stations equipped with 24-bit broad-band 3- component seismographs around Crater Forest, Results show that there appears certain seismicity in Jingpohu and its adjacent areas with a low activity level and most of the recorded earthquakes are the volcanic-tectonic ones, The results of location indicate a dominant focal depth of 10km - 30kin, most of the earthquakes are smaller than ML2,0, and are concentrated in the area of ＂ Crater Forest＂ and on the Dunhua-Mishan fault which runs through the volcanic area. At station No. 2, which has better observation conditions, two types of events, likely associated to volcanism, were recorded; their waveform characteristics are somewhat similar to that of the long-period volcanic event and the volcanic tremor, but with different feature of frequencies.

The dynamics of landscape-scale ecological connectivity based on least-cost model in Dongshan Island,China

As a hot topic in Landscape Ecology study,ecological connectivity is an important indicator for regional land sustainable use and biological protection. This paper conducted a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity using remote sensing images of Dongshan Island in 1994, 2003 and2011. Based on least-cost modelling, the method takes into consideration the type of barrier, the distance impact, and the adjacent land use types to obtain the Barrier Effect Index(BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index(ECI). The application of this method to Dongshan Island showed the ecological connectivity index(ECI) was low in 1994, improved in 2003, and decreased significantly in 2011. The results of the dynamic analysis of landscape structure showed farmland and roads were the main landscape classes that caused the low observed ECI in 1994 and 2003;these tended to divide the landscape and cause fragmentation. Construction land and roads were the main landscape classes resulting in low ECI in 2011,while forest and grassland had a high ECI. Trajectory analysis showed ECI tended to decrease in the low mountain forest zone of the northwestern and southeastern parts of Dongshan Island as well as in the coastal protection forest area. The areas where ECI became high were located in the northeastern part of Dongshan Island where cities and towns are concentrated with high human populations.Therefore, rapid urbanization has been the most important factor driving changes in landscape structure and patterns during the last 17 years on Dongshan Island. The approach not only assists us in revealing the driving mechanism of landscape dynamics from another aspect, but also can assess the impacts of regional and urban plans on landscape structure and function.

Mine rocky desertification： Another type of rocky desertification coexisting with Karst rocky desertification in Karst region

Mine rocky desertification is another type of rocky desertification which coexists with Karst rocky desertification, suggested firstly by professor SONG Jian-bo, Guizhou University. Mine rocky desertification is a process and result that the earth＇s surface is similar to desert landscapes after rock is exposed gradually, owing to mine wastes discharged at will which consist of waste residue, waste liquid and waste gas. On the basis of introducing Karst rocky desertification simply, we clarify the concept of Mine rocky desertification systemically, analyze its danger and compare the differences between Mine rocky desertification and Karst rocky desertification. Finally, we make preliminary discussion on the study significance of comprehensive treatment of Mine rocky desertification

Characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks of No.3 buried-hill region in Nanpu Sag

Based on the data of 44 samples of hydrocarbon source rocks in Nanpu No.3 buffed-hill region, the kerogen type is judged through the pyrolysis and microscopic identification. At the same time, organic matter maturity and hydrocarbon generation threshold are studied by using vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis yield and hydrocarbon abundance. Meanwhile the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold is calculated. And the characteristics of organic hydrocarbon generation and expulsion are preliminarily revealed and evaluated. The result shows that the No.3 buffed-hill region has abundant hydrocarbon source rocks with high content of organic carbon. And the primary types of kerogen are II, and lI 2. The hydrocarbon source rocks which passed biochemistry, thermolysis and thermal cracking have developed into the mature-postmature phase of different extents. And plenty of oil and gas were expelled out. It is believed the depth of oil-generating window is 3 600 m and the depth of hydro- carbon-expulsion threshold is 4 100 m. The comprehensive analysis indicates that Nanpu No.3 burried-hill region has a certain condition to generate hydrocarbon which is very promising in oil exploration and thus can become an important exploration and development target next.

利用遥感瞬时温度场研究云南山地气温直减率

基于MODIS影像反演地表瞬时温度场和气象站点30年平均气温实测数据,结合数字高程模型,研究了云南山地气温随海拔变化的规律。结果表明,降低或消除了坡向与坡度、纬度与经度变化的影响后,在云南全区域尺度上,海拔对气温作用而产生的气温直减率为0.53℃;在典型山地地貌类型区,山地气温直减率由高山区向低山区逐渐增大,滇西北高山区直减率为0.47℃,滇中、滇东中山区为0.51℃,滇南宽谷低山区为0.54℃,滇西北高山峡谷和滇南低山深切沟谷地带为0.54℃;由阳坡、半阴半阳坡至阴坡,山地气温直减率依次增大:阳坡直减率平均为0.52℃,半阴半阳坡平均为0.54℃,阴坡平均为0.55℃。除海拔之外,坡向、坡度等微地形因子亦是微格局气温场的主要地理响应因子。利用遥感数据反演的瞬时温度场研究山地气温直减率,是一种研究山地气温变化规律的新方法。

山地度假旅游产品的开发研究

近年来,随着市场经济的发展,国内外对旅游业的需求越来越大,我国将旅游业作为一项战略性产业加以发展,以促使其在国民经济中发挥重要作用。同时我们应该注意到,我国山地资源丰富,但山地度假旅游存在经营困难、产品老化等问题,因此,要想实现旅游业的战略发展目标,在结合当地山地实际的基础上,不断完善开发山地度假旅游产品则显得至关重要。

平山县不断创新打造林长制“平山样板”

平山县位于石家庄市西部、太行山中段,山地类型多样、动植物资源丰富,全县有林地面积已接近830万亩,森林覆盖率达54.92%。2020年5月,平山县被选定为全省首个试点林长制单位。自试点工作启动以来,平山县秉承绿水青山就是金山银山理念,坚持"生态优先,绿色发展",严格遵照"属地管理、分级负责"原则,积极创新森林资源管护新方法、新模式、新机制,初步形成了"林有人管、事有人做、责有人担"的责任体系,打造了实行林长制的"平山样板"。

Responses of aboveground biomass of alpine grasslands to climate changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Aboveground biomass in grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has displayed an overall increasing trend during 2003–2016, which is profoundly influenced by climate change. However, the responses of different biomes show large discrepancies, in both size and magnitude. By applying partial least squares regression, we calculated the correlation between peak aboveground biomass and mean monthly temperature and monthly total precipitation in the preceding 12 months for three different grassland types(alpine steppe, alpine meadow, and temperate steppe) on the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that mean temperature in most preceding months was positively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow and alpine steppe, while mean temperature in the preceding October and February to June was significantly negatively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of temperate steppe. Precipitation in all months had a promoting effect on biomass of alpine meadow, but its correlations with biomass of alpine steppe and temperate steppe were inconsistent. It is worth noting that, in a warmer, wetter climate, peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow would increase more than that of alpine steppe, while that of temperate steppe would decrease significantly, providing support for the hypothesis of conservative growth strategies by vegetation in stressed ecosystems.

Estimates of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Zhejiang Province of China Based on 1:50000 Soil Database Using the PKB Method

Soil organic carbon(SOC) is an important component of farming systems and global carbon cycle. Accurately estimating SOC stock is of great importance for assessing soil productivity and modeling global climate change. A newly built 1:50 000 soil database of Zhejiang Province containing 2 154 geo-referenced soil profiles and a pedological professional knowledge-based(PKB) method were used to estimate SOC stock up to a depth of 100 cm for the Province. The spatial patterns of SOC stocks stratified by soil types,watershed(buffer analysis), topographical factors, and land use types were identified. Results showed that the soils in Zhejiang covered an area of 100 740 km2 with a total SOC stock of 831.49 × 106 t and a mean SOC density of 8.25 kg m-2, excluding water and urban areas. In terms of soil types, red soils had the highest SOC stock(259.10 × 106t), whereas mountain meadow soils contained the lowest(0.15 × 106t). In terms of SOC densities, the lowest value(5.11 kg m-2) was found in skel soils, whereas the highest value(45.30 kg m-2) was observed in mountain meadow soils. Yellow soils, as a dominant soil group, determined the SOC densities of different buffer zones in Qiantang River watershed because of their large area percentage and wide variation of SOC density values.The area percentages of various soil groups significantly varied with increasing elevation or slope when overlaid with digital elevation model data, thus influencing the SOC densities. The highest SOC density was observed under grassland, whereas the lowest SOC density was identified under unutilized land. The map of SOC density(0–100 cm depth) and the spatial patterns of SOC stocks in the Province would be helpful for relevant agencies and communities in Zhejiang Province, China.