码头建设中不可忽视的山形地貌

文章介绍了豹头山码头桩基失稳的原因，建议在高山脚下建筑高桩梁板码头，不仅要弄清山形地貌，而且即使是在非高山脚下修建高桩梁板码头，都应对支承桩采取嵌岩措施。

荆浩《匡庐图》及“匡庐”涵义新解

《匡庐图》的山形地貌和南方庐山不符,而与太行山的山形地貌吻合,确切地说,就是荆浩隐居的太行山洪谷的山水风光;"匡庐"是荆浩的斋号,有匡复唐朝、匡正社会之意,它与庐山别名"匡庐"只是巧合,内容上风马牛不相及;《匡庐图》不是一幅单纯表现自然的山水画,而是一幅文人书斋山水,书斋是作品的关键所在,它是继王维《辋川图》和卢鸿《草堂十志图》之后的第三幅文人书斋山水,同时也是流传至今的最早的文人书斋山水;《匡庐图》并不是后人伪作,而是唐末后梁画家荆浩的真迹。

Observations and Modeling of Incoming Longwave Radiation to Snow Beneath Forest Canopies in the West Tianshan Mountains, China

Forest canopy reduces shortwave radiation and increases the incoming longwave radiation to snowpacks beneath forest canopies. Furthermore, the effect of forest canopy may be changed by complex topography. In this paper, we measured and simulated the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest at different canopy openness in the west Tianshan Mountains, China(43°16'N, 84°24'E) during spring 2013. A sensitivity study was conducted to explore the way that terrain influenced the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies. In the simulation model, measurement datasets, including air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation above canopy, and longwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain, were applied to calculate the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopy. The simulation results were consistent with the measurements on hourly scale and daily scale. The effect of longwave radiation enhanced by terrain was important than that of shortwave radiation above forest canopy with different openness except the 20% canopy openness. The longwave radiation enhanced due to adjacent terrain increases with the slope increase and temperature rise. When air temperature(or slope) is relatively low, thelongwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain is not sensitive to slope(or air temperature), but the sensitivity increases with the decrease of snow cover area on sunny slope. The effect of longwave radiation is especially sensitive when the snow cover on sunny slope melts completely. The effect of incoming shortwave radiation reflected by adjacent terrain on incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies is more slight than that of the enhanced longwave radiation.

New findings concerning the Pleistocene Glaciation of the Leh Basin,Ladakh(34°03'N/77°38'E)

Like for most parts of High Asia,researches concerning the Pleistocene landscape evolution of the Leh Basin(34°03' N/77°38' E) have also left contradictions.To push this topic,three up to now unexplored Ladakh Range tributaries of the Leh Basin(Stagmo-,Arzu-and Nang-Valley) have been investigated.U-shaped profiles,transfluence passes,moraine mantled and glacially rounded peaks and ridges,roches moutonnées,glacial flank polishings and ground moraines document the former glaciation of the study area.The ice fillings of these tributaries reached a minimum thickness up to 540 m.Even at the valley outlets and on the orographic right side of the Leh Basin,the glaciation was more than 350 m thick.Based on these empirically extracted results,theoretical snow line considerations lead to the conclusion that the whole Leh Basin was filled up by a former Indus-Valley glacier.An ice injection limited to the nourishment areas of the Ladakh Range valleys could not have caused the reconstructed ice cover(down to 3236 m a.s.l.),which is proved by extended ground moraine complexes.Only an Indus ice stream network(most likely during the LGP),nourished by inflowing glaciers of the Ladakh-and Stok Range,explains the widespread existence of the glacial sediments at the outlets of the investigated valleys.

Geomorphological Features of Ancient Volcanic Terrain of Mars

The article considers geological and morphological features of a volcanic relief of a surface of a planet Mars. Effusive magmatism processes at early stages of planet crust forming come out in structure of solidified relief forms of Mars. Volcanic relief of a planet represents relic ancient line oriented forms, areal and central lava flooding. Linear forms generate shield volcanoes, chains of volcanic mountains and radial-concentric faults. This article deals with geological and morphological characteristics of the volcanic terrain of Mars. Hypsometric altitude profiles of volcanoes have been built based on the MOLA （Mars orbiter laser altimeter） of the spacecraft MGS （Mars global surveyor）. The gradient of volcano flanks has been calculated. The relative age of the volcanic terrain was estimated by the classical method of counting of the density of impact craters. Names of the volcanic landforms of Mars are given in the article in accordance with the name nomenclature system approved by the International Astronomical Union. Research results make it possible to compare the scientific and technical information about the planet and analyze the materials of satellite imagery of Mars.

Topographic Controls on Alpine Treeline Patterns on Changbai Mountain,China

【Title】【Author】【Addresses】1 The control mechanisms of topography on alpine treeline pattern are critical to understanding treeline dynamics and future changes. These mechanisms have not been understood quite well enough because of increasing human disturbance and low data resolution. In this study, the relationship between the treeline pattern and topography was analyzed based on high spatial resolution remote sensing data and a digital elevation model in an area in Changbai Mountain with little human disturbance. Future treeline patterns were also predicted. The results showed that （a） aspects with high solar radiation and low snow cover have a high coverage rate of trees, （b） the peak coverage rate of trees switches from low slopes （〈5°） to medium slopes （5°~25°） as the elevation rises because of the extreme environment, （c） the coverage rate of trees is a function that depends on environmental factors controlled by topography, （d） the future treeline pattern is controlled by new temperature mechanisms, new environmental factors and the reallocation effect of topography. Our research implies that topography controls the treeline pattern and changes in the treeline pattern associated with global warming, due to the effect of global warming on environmental factors. This study may well explain the causes of heterogeneous changes in the treeline pattern in the horizontal direction as well as differences in treeline response to climate warming.

Test the topographic steady state in an active mountain belt

Landscape evolution is the window to the link between deep earth and surface processes. One of the key issues in landscape evolution is to characterize the topographic steady state of mountain belts. The Taiwan mountain belt is an extraordinary case due to its extremely high uplift and denudation rates. The uplift of Taiwan Island is caused by the oblique collision between the Luzon Arc and the East Asian continent. In this case, the mountain building process in the north always occurs earlier than that in the south,which causes the spatial distribution of steady-state regions.The East Central Range receives much research attention with the presence of river basins that mainly distribute along the trajectory of the collision propagation. Normally, based on analyses of geomorphic parameters, the whole Central Range, or at least part of it, should be at a topographic steady state. However, the balance between uplift rates and denudation rates that exist in these regions is seldomly tested. In this contribution, we make a comprehensive literature review on the uplift and denudation rates derived from various approaches, including sediment yields, in-situ cosmogenic nuclide ^(10) Be, incision of river channels,thermochronology, and GPS observations. This literature review reveals that the topographic steady state may prevail in the northern and middle parts of the East Central Range.However, an obvious inconsistency in denudation rates calculated by different methods prevents us from better constraining the topographic steady state in some regions of this mountain range.