隧道掌子面与不利地质结构最小安全净距分析

隧道穿越不利地质结构施工时掌子面极易发生坍塌,故通常对其进行注浆加固,这其中如何确定隧道掌子面与不利地质结构最小安全净距是亟需解决的核心问题。首先基于朗肯土压力理论概化出岩板可能存在的模型,进而分析掌子面的应力状态;结合抗拉和抗剪强度理论,推导出掌子面岩板在不同约束模式下的最小安全净距解析解;最后,以天峨县穿越破碎带的岗岭坡隧道为依托,研究了在破碎带不同高度、宽度以及倾角条件下,掌子面距不利地质结构的最小安全净距的变化规律,验证推导的理论解其可靠性和可行性。结果表明:(1)最小安全净距随破碎带高度和宽度的增加而增大,随着破碎带倾角的增加而减小;(2)台阶法开挖时,最小安全净距随台阶高度增加而增大,减小隧洞直径可以有效减小安全距离。(3)不同方法得到的最小安全岩板净距大小依次为:弹性厚板理论>本文方法(固支)=线性Mohr-Coulomb准则>本文方法(简支)=突变理论。相关研究成果可为隧道穿越破碎带的设计与施工提供理论基础。

考虑梯度应力的深部围岩板裂化模拟初步试验研究

板裂化严重威胁着深埋井隧施工安全。板裂是否与围岩梯度应力有关目前尚不清楚。在理论证实围岩切向应力梯度随埋深增加的基础上,提出改进的岩石梯度应力营造方法,利用d0(试件上下表面长度差)为0.1~0.8 mm的长方体花岗岩试件,开展梯度应力下岩石变形破坏过程应变监测试验,重点验证梯度应力下岩石能否发生板裂,以及所产生的岩板厚度是否均匀。结果表明:(1)改进的岩石梯度应力营造方法,可在试件端部营造出在厚度方向上线性递变的应力,其变化速率可达10^(3) MPa/m以上。(2)在梯度应力下,在试件端部低应力区域产生了与加载方向一致的拉张应力;该张应力为0.5~1.5 MPa,呈现出“升–降–升–降”的阶段性变化,可通过减小d0予以抑制。(3)在梯度应力下岩石发生了板裂化破坏,所产生的岩板厚度相对均匀;并且板裂化裂纹呈现为拉张的性质,与以往研究结果一致,证实了梯度应力是深部围岩板裂孕育过程不可忽略的重要影响因素。研究结果为进一步研究岩石板裂的发生条件及岩板厚度的影响因素奠定了试验基础。

Bearing mechanism and thickness optimization of ore roof in bauxite stope

Based on the elastic thin plate theory,the main law of the ore roof failure was analyzed and the formula of the ore roof thickness was deduced.The results show that the tensile stress in the roof center accounts for the roof failure.According to the limit failure conditions of the point,the formula of the ore roof thickness was derived.Taking No.10 stope of a bauxite mine as an engineering case,the optimal thickness of the ore roof was 0.36 m.The safety factor was taken as 1.3,therefore the design thickness was 0.5 m.In the whole industrial test process,the dynamic alarm devices did not start the alarm and the ore roof was not damaged.Compared with other stopes under similar conditions,its thickness was reduced by 0.1-0.3 m.The recovery rate of the ore roof was increased by 16.7%-37.5%.