大型真三轴岩石加载试验系统设计

为了模拟冲击岩爆岩体所受的载荷,解决岩爆过程中的技术难题,揭示岩爆等类似灾害的形成机制和演化规律,设计了大型真三轴岩石加载试验系统,并对其本体结构、加载系统和数据采集系统进行了详细设计和说明。利用Workbench软件对主要受力部件进行了有限元分析,结果表明各部件均满足强度和刚度要求。试验系统能够有效模拟在开挖爆破、顶板滑动等冲击扰动作用下的岩爆试验,可为相关的物理力学试验提供设备基础。

加载速率对岩石动态断裂韧度影响的实验研究

为了获得岩石在高加载速率作用下的动态断裂韧度值并分析加载速率的影响,由分离式霍普金森压杆入射杆杆端附加劈尖及其基座对边切槽圆盘试样施加动态劈裂载荷。把应变片粘贴在裂纹尖端附近获得裂纹扩展时间;将劈裂载荷时间历程及裂纹扩展时间输入有限元计算模型,获得试样的起裂动态断裂韧度值。结果表明,在加载速率18.85×104MPa.m1/2s-1以下,大理岩的动态断裂韧度值随着加载速率的增大而上升,但上升趋势逐渐减弱。断裂韧度数值在高加载速率下呈现出明显的离散性。

岩石循环加卸载作用下能量的演化规律

基于循环加卸载试验,使用数据处理软件计算得出滞回环的面积,对滞回环与循环次数的相关性进行分析,得到了关于循环次数与滞回环的拟合公式。利用拟合公式计算得到了第1次加卸载的耗散能,进而对耗散能、弹性能、塑性能之间的关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明:随着循环次数的增加,滞回环位置逐渐右移,考虑为第1次加卸载产生耗散能后,岩石的弹性能、耗散能随着循环次数的增多逐渐递增;岩石的强度呈随机分布,故塑性能随循环次数增多并无固定变化趋势;随着循环次数的增多,卸载后可恢复的裂隙之间的摩擦力逐渐减小,其弹性应变需要的能量也随之减小。

岩石双轴压缩试验及装置研究进展

综述岩石双轴压缩研究的试验方法、试验设备和研究成果,指出大部分现有的破坏准则忽视了中间主应力的影响,选用试件尺寸太小以致无法充分考虑尺寸效应,加载头与试件受压面之间存在的摩擦力影响试件破坏形态.河南理工大学和加拿大麦吉尔大学合作设计建造的大吨位等刚度双向加载系统采用柔性加载头,克服了加载过程中加载头与试件间的摩擦力对试件破坏形态的影响,且能对较大尺寸试件进行单、双轴压缩试验.利用该装置对各种岩石材料开展系统的试验研究,有望弥补目前国际岩石力学界对双向受力状态下岩石破坏机理认识的不足.

不同应力状态下底板岩体渗流特性分析研究

为研究煤层开采过程中底板渗透性变化规律,利用Rock Top多场耦合试验仪,采用稳态和瞬态2种方法测得不同应力作用下红砂岩渗透率,对红砂岩加载过程中内部裂纹发展变化规律及渗流特性进行分析,结果表明:对岩样进行应力差20 MPa等梯度加载,全应力-应变曲线呈台阶状,根据裂纹体积应变法确定应力-应变各阶段的应变阈值,可将其划分为5个阶段:压密闭合阶段—线弹性阶段—裂纹稳定扩展阶段—裂纹非稳定扩展阶段—峰后应变与破坏阶段;利用渗流进、出水口双泵设计,在5个渗透压差下利用稳态法测试不同应力作用下岩石渗透率,结果表明在不同渗透压差下岩石渗透率均经历缓慢下降—缓慢增加—快速增长3个阶段,与全应力-应变-渗流曲线规律一致,并与试件内部裂纹发展规律相对应;采用瞬态法测试得不同应力差下渗透率变化规律,与稳态法-渗流规律相一致,由于测试方法不同,瞬态法比稳态法测得岩样渗透率高出1~2个量级,均表明红砂岩属于低渗类岩石;通过对完整岩样施加不同应力差模拟底板岩体状态,发现煤层底板压缩区渗透性减小,膨胀区渗透性增大,随着工作面推进,底板渗透性呈现先减小后增大的趋势,试验结果进一步揭示了随工作面推进底板岩体的渗流特性,为底板突水防治提供了重要的理论依据。

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading were studied. The effects of initial static load on the total energy dissipated during the failure process of specimen were analyzed. To simulate the engineering situation that in-situ rock experienced and obtain the dynamic loading with an intermediate strain rate, a low cycle fatigue load with the frequency from 0.5 to 5 Hz was adopted by servo-controlled Instron material testing system. The results show that the obtained strain rate increase with the increase of load frequency. The initial static load has great influence on both the energy and dynamic response of rock. Both the energy and the maximum failure load P_f decreases with the increase of initial static load. P_f under the static-dynamic loading is larger than that under only the static loading but less than that under only the dynamic loading. The load-displacement curves become nonlinear as the pre-added static load reaches the transition point which is about one third of static strength. With the increase of initial static load, Young’s modulus decreases and poisson ratio increases. It shows that rock has a lower strength and a tendency to soften under a higher initial static load. Rock may be broken more easily static-dynamic loading than under only the dynamic loading. The proposed method is useful in the investigation of constitutive relationship and failure behavior of rock under quasi-dynamic loading.

Degradation of joint surface morphology, shear behavior and closure characteristics during cyclic loading

In order to investigate the failure mechanism of rock joint,a series of laboratory tests including cyclic direct shear tests under constant normal load(CNL)conditions were conducted.Morphology parameters of the rock joint surface were precisely calculated by means of a three-dimensional laser scanning machine.All test results were analyzed to investigate the shear behavior and normal displacement behavior of rock joints under CNL conditions.Degradation of rock joint surface during cyclic shear tests was also analyzed.The comparison results of the height parameters and the hybrid parameters of the joint surface during cyclic tests show that the degradation of the surface mostly happens in the first shear and the constant normal loads imposed on the joints have significant promotion effects on the morphology degradation.During cyclic shear tests,joints surfaces evolve from rough state to smooth state but keep an overall undulation.Dilatancy of rock joints degrades with the degradation of joint surface and the increase of normal loads.The closure deformation of joint is larger than that of the intact rock,and the normal stiffness increases with the increase of shearing times.

Experimental and numerical study on loading rate effects of rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures

A series of laboratory experiments and PFC numerical simulations for rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures were carried out.On the basis of experimental and numerical results,the stress-strain curves,mechanical properties,AE events,cracking behavior and energy characteristics were analyzed to reveal the macro-mechanical behavior and meso-mechanism of pre-fissured specimens under different loading rates.Investigated results show that:1)When the loading rate is relatively low,the stress-strain curves show a brittle response.When the loading rate is relatively high,the curve shows a more ductile response.Both of the peak strength and elastic mudulus increase with the increase of loading rate,which can be expressed as power functions.2)Four crack types are identified,i.e.,tensile crack,shear crack,far-field crack and surface spalling.Moreover,the tensile crack,far-field crack and surface spalling are under tensile mechanism,while the shear crack is under shear mechanism.3)The drops of the stress-strain curves all correspond to the crack initiation or coalescence,which is also linked to a sudden increasing in the accumulated micro-crack curve.4)Both of the maximum bond force and energy have the similar trend with the increase of loading rate to peak strength,which indicates that the trend of peak strength can be explained by the meso-mechanics and energy.