深埋高围压高水压下低渗透岩石的渗透特性

为了探讨深埋高围压条件下低渗透岩石的渗透特性,取锦屏二级水电站大理岩试样分别进行不同围压条件下全应力—应变过程渗流试验。根据试验结果分析得出:岩石渗透系数变化与体积变形密切相关。因此,采用变形相关的渗透系数来研究岩石在破坏前后不同阶段的渗透系数与体积应变的关系。对于低渗透岩石,在峰前阶段渗透系数变化不明显,峰后破坏阶段渗透系数显著增大。高围压使岩石破坏延迟,岩石峰前阶段的低渗透特性表现的更持久。用变形相关的渗透系数模拟岩体流—固耦合问题更符合实际工程。

煤炭开采面围岩渗透性分布规律研究

为有效调控采掘工作面围岩渗透性,保证煤炭开采安全进行,从围岩渗透性对采掘工作面的影响出发,提出围岩渗透性分布规律研究方法,主要包括岩层渗透性的空间分布规律、时间变化规律、地质差异等,在此基础上分析围岩渗透性调控技术,以期有效提高围岩渗透性管理效果,保证煤炭开采的安全性和效率。

考虑应力历史的岩石单裂隙渗流特性试验研究

通过开展单裂隙花岗岩不同围压加、卸载和不同水力梯度作用下的渗透试验,研究应力历史对裂隙渗透性能演化的影响。试验结果表明:在围压加载过程中,渗流流量与渗透压差大致呈线性关系;在渗透压差相同的条件下,围压越小,流量越大,随着围压上升,裂隙渗流流量持续减小,但随着围压的进一步增大,流量的减小有减缓的趋势。在围压相同以及渗透压差相同的条件下,单裂隙花岗岩在卸载条件下的渗流特性与加载条件下相比,其渗流流量明显降低,且卸载过程中渗流流量与渗透压差开始偏离线性关系。从试验前、后裂隙面粗糙度系数值的对比可以看出,由于法向应力挤压以及渗流流体的冲蚀作用,试验后裂隙面粗糙度系数明显降低。卸载的过程中,裂隙渗透性能的恢复具有明显的滞后效应,表明在法向应力和流体冲蚀的共同作用下,裂隙产生了不可恢复的非弹性变形。

岩层内渗流的时间依存性及孔堵机理

前言一般地讲,渗流的时间依存性和孔隙堵塞机理是通过室内试验或在附近现场试验就可了解的现象。并实用上数量不能忽略不计。水在土和岩石这种多孔介质中渗透时,其中溶解的浮游混浊物质会堵塞孔隙,或者被吸附着,而使流速减慢,同时时间也随之减慢。特别在岩石中渗透的情况下这种现象更为明显。

粘土矿物在储层定量评价及预测中的应用——以苏北盆地台兴油田阜三段储层为例

以苏北盆地台兴油田阜三段储层为例,根据岩心铸体薄片、普通薄片、X-衍射、扫描电镜微观图像的观察及压汞的测试数据,分析了粘土矿物类型、相对含量的变化与储层面孔率的定量关系,研究了粘土矿物对孔隙结构、岩石渗透性及产能的影响,结合其他成岩作用对储层进行定量评价和预测。分析表明,当粘土矿物在全岩中的含量为6%～10%,粘土矿物中高岭石相对含量为50%～70%,绿泥石或伊利石相对含量为13%～34%,则面孔率为10%～18%;随着高岭石相对含量减少,绿泥石、伊利石相对含量增加,面孔率及平均配位数降低,孔隙结构变差,产能由较稳定变为不稳定,产量降低较快。实际应用证实,台兴油田阜三段储层平面上由北东到西南储层物性由好变差,产能降低。

钻孔压水试验在工程勘察中的应用

对某尾矿坝工程勘察中的钻孔压水试验工作进行了论述分析,达到了为设计提供岩石相对透水性和完整程度的目的,指出在类似工程中压水试验的可应用性。

钻孔压水试验中应注意的几个问题

一、概述钻孔压水试验是一种在钻孔内进行的岩石原位渗透试验,是测定岩石渗透性最常用的一种试验方法。它是借用水柱自重压力或使用机械(泵)压力,将水压入到钻孔内岩壁四周的裂隙中。

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10-9 rn/s at confining pressure （tr3） of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10-9 m/s at a3 of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at or3 of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at tr3 of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.

Numerical modeling of permeability evolution based on degradation approach during progressive failure of brittle rocks

The permeability evolution of rock during the progressive failure process is described. In combination with the strength degradation index, the degradation formulas of s and a, which are dependent on the plastic confining strain component, the material constants of Hock-Brown failure criterion are presented, and a modified elemental scale elastic-brittle-plastic constitutive model of rock is established. The rela- tionship between volumetric strain and permeability through tri-axial compression is investigated. Based on the above, a permeability evolution model is established. The model incorporates confining pressure- dependent degradation of strength, dilatancy and corresponding permeability evolution. The model is implemented in FLAC by the FISH function method. The permeability evolution behavior of rock is inves-tigated during the progressive failure process in a numerical case. The results show that the model is cap- able of reproducing, and allowing visualization of a range of hydro-mechanical responses of rock. The effects of confining pressure on degradation of strength, dilatancy and permeability evolution are also reflected.

Numerical modelling rock deformation subject to nitrogen cooling to study permeability evolution

How to model the permeability evolution of rock subjected to liquid nitrogen cooling is a key issue. This paper proposes a simple but practical method to study the permeability evolution of rocks subject to liquid nitrogen cooling. FLAC with FISH function was employed to numerically model the rock behavior under cooling. The enhanced perme- ability of the volumetric strain was defined, and the permeability was directly evaluated based on element＇s volumetric strain. Detailed procedures for implementing the evolution model of permeability in this paper were presented. A case study was carried out to simulate a coal bed where liquid nitrogen was injected in the bore hole. And a semi-submerged test of liquid nitrogen was performed. The method to model the permeability evolution of rocks subject to liquid nitrogen shock in this paper was proved to be right by the test results. This simulation results are discussed with the hope to provide some insight into understanding the nitrogen cooling practice.

Seismic Signatures of Rock Pore Structure

Rock pore structure is one of the important parameters in controlling both seismic wave velocity and permeability in sandstones and carbonate rocks. For a given porosity of two similar rocks with different pore structures, their acoustic wave speeds can differ 2 km/s, and permeability can span nearly six orders of magnitude from 0.01 mD to 20 D in both sandstone and limestone. In this paper, we summarize a two-parameter elastic velocity model reduced from a general poroelastic theory, to characterize the effect of pore structures on seismic wave propagation. For a given mineralogy and fluid type of a reservoir, this velocity model is defined by porosity and a frame flexibility factor, which can be used in seismic inversion and reservoir characterization to improve estimation of porosity and reserves. The frame flexibility factor can be used for quantitative classification of rock pore structure types (PST) and may be related to pore connectivity and permeability, using both poststack and prestack seismic data. This study also helps explain why amplitude versus offset analysis (AVO) in some cases fails for the purpose of fluid detection: pore structure effect on seismic waves can mask all the fluid effects, especially in carbonate rocks.

Effects of discontinuities on penetration of TBM cutters

Based on the triaxial testing machine and discrete element method, the effects of embedded crack on rock fragmentation are investigated in laboratory tests and a series of numerical investigations are conducted on the effects of discontinuities on cutting characteristics and cutting efficiency. In laboratory tests, five propagation patterns of radial cracks are observed. And in the numerical tests, firstly, it is similar to laboratory tests that cracks ahead of cutters mainly initiate from the crushed zone, and some minor cracks will initiate from joints. The cracks initiating from crushed zones will run through the thinner joints while they will be held back by thick joints. Cracks tend to propagate towards the tips of embedded cracks, and minor cracks will initiate from the tips of embedded cracks, which may result in the decrease of specific area, and disturbing layers play as ‘screens', which will prevent cracks from developing greatly. The peak penetration forces, the consumed energy in the penetration process and the uniaxial compression strength will decrease with the increase of discontinuities. The existence of discontinuities will result in the decrease of the cutting efficiency when the spacing between cutters is 70 mm. Some modifications should be made to improve the efficiency when the rocks containing groups of discontinuities are encountered.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study, red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with o, 4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.

Experimental studies on the effects of porosity on acoustic resonance spectroscopy for synthetic porous rock samples in a cylindrical resonant cavity

Based on our previous work on acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS) measurement, the ARSs in low frequency modes were measured for 10 synthetic oil-saturated rock samples with the porosities rang-ing from 22% to 30%, and the effects of porosity on ARS of the synthetic porous rock samples in a cylindrical resonant cavity were studied. The experimental results show that as the location of a syn-thetic rock sample changes from the top to the middle of the resonant cavity, the resonance frequency (RF) will gradually increase and the corresponding resonance amplitude (RA) will decrease. In the middle of the cavity, the RF reaches its maximum, while the RA reaches its minimum. When the syn-thetic rock porosity increases, the RF will decrease and the RA will decrease. Furthermore, the RF of a synthetic rock sample was numerically calculated with an average volume model in the resonant cavity. Our numerical results show that as the location of the sample changes from the top to the middle of the cavity, the RF gradually increases and the RF reaches its maximum value in the middle of the cavity. However, the RF decreases as the porosity of the sample increases in the middle of the cavity. The porosity effects on the ARS described above were confirmed by our experimental result as well as the theoretical analyses, which is important for porosity and fracture characterizations in a rock sample using the ARS in a low frequency mode.