内蒙古北山地区小黄山一带片麻状花岗岩形成时代、成因及构造环境

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,在内蒙古北山地区小黄山一带早石炭世侵入岩中新解体出片麻状中细粒花岗闪长岩、片麻状细粒二长花岗岩和片麻状似斑状细中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,其中片麻状中细粒花岗闪长岩和片麻状细粒二长花岗岩在空间上紧密伴生。本文研究小黄山一带片麻状花岗岩的形成时代、成因及构造环境。采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法在片麻状中细粒花岗闪长岩、片麻状细粒二长花岗岩中分别获得了443.0±1.2 Ma和441.9±1.6 Ma的岩浆结晶年龄,时代为早志留世早期。岩石地球化学分析表明,片麻状中细粒花岗闪长岩和片麻状细粒二长花岗岩均为钙碱性系列岩石,碱度率AR为1.82~2.86,较低,且变化范围小,戈蒂尼指数τ为21.22~64.24(τ>10);岩石富集轻稀土元素及K、Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、P、Ti,具有岛弧岩浆岩或造山带岩浆岩的特征。结合前人研究成果综合分析,片麻状中细粒花岗闪长岩和片麻状细粒二长花岗岩形成于岛弧构造环境,是东七一山—公婆泉岛弧带的重要组成部分。

青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉

通过横穿青藏高原近 80 0 0km长的 4条天然地震层析剖面 ,获得 4 0 0km深度以上的地壳和地幔速度图像及地震波各向异性 ,揭示了青藏高原 4 0 0km深度范围内的地壳和地幔结构特征。地幔速度图像显示 ,青藏高原腹地的深地幔中存在以大型低速异常体为特征的地幔羽 ,其可能通过热通道与大面积分布的可可西里新生代高钾碱性火山作用有成因联系 ;阿尔金、康西瓦、金沙江、嘉黎及雅鲁藏布江等走滑断裂可下延至 30 0～ 4 0 0km深度 ,显示了低速高热物质组成的垂向低速异常带特征及大型超岩石圈或地幔剪切带的产出 ;发现康西瓦、东昆仑—金沙江、班公湖—怒江和雅鲁藏布缝合带下部存在不连续的高速异常带 ,可以解释为青藏高原地体拼合及碰撞过程中可能保留的加里东、古特提斯和中特提斯大洋岩石圈“化石”残片 ,是“拆沉”的地球物理证据。印度大陆岩石圈的巨厚俯冲板片以 15～ 2 0°倾角向北插入唐古拉山下 30 0km深处 ,并被高热物质组成的地幔剪切带分开。结合新的横穿喜马拉雅及青藏高原的地幔层析资料 ,提出青藏高原碰撞动力学新模式 :青藏高原南部印度岩石圈板片的翻卷式陆内超深俯冲 ,北缘克拉通向南的陆内俯冲 ,腹地深部的地幔羽上涌 ,以及地幔范围内的高原“右旋隆升”及物质向东及北东方向运动及挤出。

大别山碧溪岭深色榴辉岩和片麻状花岗质岩石SHRIMP分析——晋宁期高压—超高压变质作用的同位素年代学依据

本文报道大别山安徽省岳西县碧溪岭深色榴辉岩和片麻状花岗质岩石的锆石SHRIMP分析结果。深色榴辉岩的原岩为基性凝灰岩,锆石在岩石中主要产于石英、石榴子石和绿辉石内,为高压一超高压变质作用的产物,内部主体形成年龄约为757±7Ma,代表高压—超高压榴辉岩相变质事件的时代;经受了后期流体改造的锆石边部年龄为223±3Ma。在片麻状花岗质岩石中,发育韵律环带结构的深熔锆石形成于约727±15Ma,受后期流体改造的锆石边部年龄为219±3Ma。综合野外地质关系、区域地质背景和锆石的岩相学特征,笔者提出了碧溪岭榴辉岩相岩石高压—超高压变质作用发生于晋宁期,印支期仅代表一次后期流体改造事件的观点。

粤西黄岭岩组片麻状花岗质岩石的剪切深熔机理

粤西黄岭岩组片麻状花岗质岩石属于云开地块的基底岩系（2600Ma～1700Ma），自下而上发育3种构造样式：下部透入性剪切变形带；中部平直均匀变形带；上部为揉皱带。应变分析表明．近水平分层剪切作用以及剪切应变带的向上迁移形成了上述不同构造样式。化学分析显示不同构造样式的花岗质岩石具有陆壳改造S型花岗岩特点。它们可能是形成于浅海一半深海的碎属原岩在原地或准原地剪切深熔的结果。剪切深熔深度约13km～15km，峰期变形在2000Ma～1700Ma。

信宜东镇片麻状花岗质岩石同位素年龄的地质意义

信宜东镇的片麻状花岗质岩石是一种糜棱岩化混合岩一混合花岗岩；由岩体边部至中心，具有由长石化区域变质岩→条纹（条痕，斑点）状混合岩→眼球状混合岩→粗粒黑云混合花岗岩（具塑性流动特点）的分带规律，岩石内常含有早期的经受过韧性变形的长石，云母和石英等残留矿物（古成体）它是花岗质原岩经过深层次韧性剪切与重熔形成的原地型混合岩－混合花岗岩，再经受中浅层次脆韧性变形（糜棱岩化）形成的。

岩石微区激光探针质谱^40Ar／^39Ar定年研究

采用连续激光＾４０Ａｒ／＾３９Ａｒ测年技术，在岩石光片上成功地对贵州绿豆岩、南极地区３块火山岩及江西德光钠长花岗岩进行了多眯微区等时年龄测定；消除了对剩Ａｒ的影响，总共杂品作了＾４０Ａｒ／＾３９Ａｒ坪年龄谱测定，取得了满意的结果。

石英云母片岩结构特征及其物理模拟

石英云母片岩为典型片理岩石,以其特有的片理构造区别于层理或层状岩石,造成其破坏机制区别于常规意义上的层理或层状岩石.由于石英云母片岩石遇水易崩解,片理面倾角变化剧烈,造成系统多角度定向取样难度大,岩石变异性大,进一步导致其力学试验难以系统开展,而通过相似材料物理模拟试验定性探究岩石力学特性及行为方式是岩石力学领域经常采用的研究方法.首先,采用电镜扫描和偏光显微镜揭示石英云母片岩的结构和构造特征,并根据室内试验结果,从宏观及细观角度对石英云母片岩的变形破坏机制进行分析;其次,为较好模拟和体现片理构造特征发明一种制作片理岩石相似材料的装置和方法,并制作获得了相应的物理模拟材料.最后,通过不同片理面倾角单轴和三轴试验,研究此相似材料的力学行为、破坏特征及力学参数随片理面倾角和围压的变化规律.基于物质结构表观分析和力学试验结果对比验证所制作片理岩石相似材料装置的可靠性、方法的可行性及材料本身的相似性.

论青藏高原及邻区板片构造的一个新模式

本文首先论述了板块学说提出的过程和存在的一些不足与疑问,特别是该学说将Holmes(1948)的地幔热对流说作为驱使岩石圈板块运动的动力机制.而后又以青藏高原及邻区为例,根据区域地质、蛇绿岩和地质构造研究的成果,特别是地震测深研究的成果,详细地论证了本区不存在有大洋中脊扩张成为大洋盆地的新大洋和大洋板块简单的B型俯冲模式,但存在有海底扩张的陆间海和海洋地壳板片(蛇绿岩构造岩片)的仰冲以及大陆岩石圈板片复杂的A型俯冲新模式.新模式不是以地幔对流运动,而是以扩张分离A型俯冲的大陆岩石圈板片与软流圈之间的水平剪切相对运动机制作为它的躯动力.

承压片理化岩石各向同性转换的临界围压条件

岩石的各向异性随着围压增加逐渐弱化甚至消失,对岩石向各向同性转换的临界条件尚缺乏深入研究。以片理化岩石为对象,总结这类典型各向异性岩石的组构特征,构建沿弱面剪切滑移破坏的经验准则,结合建立在临界状态概念与莫尔-库仑准则基础上的岩石破坏判据,理论预测了片理化岩石的各向同性转换围压,并通过对前人试验数据的统计分析予以验证。结果表明:具代表性的层状硅酸盐矿物构成片理化岩石内的定向软弱层,并与粒状矿物构成的坚硬层呈似互层状分布;在一定加载方向下,片理化岩石可产生沿弱面剪切滑移破坏,此破坏模式下岩石的经验摩擦因数分别为0.40(中、低围压)、0.25(高围压);各向同性转换围压与垂直片理面加载时的岩石单轴抗压强度σ_(c(90))和内摩擦角Ф_((90))有关,片理化岩石的转换围压常大于1.5 σ_(c(90)),并随着Ф_((90))和σ_(c(90))的增加而增大;当层状硅酸盐矿物含量较高时,片理化岩石的各向同性转换围压系数往往在1.9~3.6范围。

碳酸盐岩山地土壤施用有机肥的溶蚀作用探讨

选择碳酸盐岩山地常见耕植、未耕植土层,通过概化制作为系列模拟柱试验土层,按当地正常施肥方法,向土层定量施入有机肥并浇灌及控制其它相关条件变化,再定期观测预埋土层不同深度碳酸岩石片的溶蚀量和土层其它指标的变化,作了施用有机肥的土中碳酸岩石溶蚀变化研究。结果揭示,在未耕植红黏土表层施用有机肥,大大减弱了土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀作用,且减弱程度随土深加大而降低。但对其下伏碱性岩粉层而言,施肥又引起了溶蚀量的微小增加变化;另在耕植土表层施用有机肥,对其土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀作用改变不大,且无论施肥与否溶蚀作用随土深加大又略显增大变化。而其下部红黏土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀量要远大于耕植土中的溶蚀量,并受施肥的影响较小。表明,农业施肥对未耕植土土中包被、包裹的碳酸岩石溶蚀影响较大,对下伏碱性岩粉层的层中、层下碳酸岩石的溶蚀影响较小。同时,施肥对耕植土土中、土下碳酸岩石的溶蚀影响不大。人类可采取禁令开垦较薄土层措施,来有效规避耕作施肥对土中碳酸岩石溶蚀作用的抑制,减少反石漠化的不利因素。此将为丰富碳酸盐岩山地成土演化理论和石漠化灾害的防治提供依据。

Y一地震成因假说和ME一临震预测地震的方法

从地震成因入手,总结得出地震成因理论——Y一地震成因假说。并基于此理论,研究出临震预测方法。

Experimental investigations on mechanical performance of rocks under fatigue loads and biaxial confinements

In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate that the biaxial compressive strength of rocks under biaxial compression increases firstly,and subsequently decreases with increase of the intermediate principal stress.The fatigue failure characteristics of the rocks in biaxial fatigue tests are functions of the peak value of fatigue loads,the intermediate principal stress and the rock lithology.With the increase of the peak values of fatigue loads,the fatigue lives of rocks decrease.The intermediate principal stress strengthens the resistance ability of rocks to fatigue loads except considering the strength increasing under biaxial confinements.The fatigue lives of rocks increase with the increase of the intermediate principal stress under the same ratio of the fatigue load and their biaxial compressive strength.The acoustic emission(AE)and fragments studies showed that the sandstone has higher ability to resist the fatigue loads compared to the marble,and the marble generated a greater number of smaller fragments after fatigue failure compared to the sandstone.So,it can be inferred that the rock breaking efficiency and rock burst is higher or severer induced by fatigue loading than that induced by monotonous quasi-static loading,especially for hard rocks.

Petrological study of the western Iratsu mass from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan

The western Iratsu mass, the largest tectonic body in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, is mainly composed of epidote amphibolite with minor amounts of eclogite. Systematically, a majority of garnets show bell-shaped chemical zoning of pyrope contents and Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) monotonously increasing outward. The grossular component in zonal garnet increases outwards, maximizes at an intermediate part, and then decreases towards the outermost rim, reflecting a process from increasing to decreasing pressure conditions during the prograde metamorphism. Jadeite contents of omphacite range from 25～20mole% within the cores to 15～10 mole% at the rims, implying a pressure-decreasing process (from 11 × 105 Pa to 8 × 105 Pa). The peak pressure-temperature (P-T) condition of 630～680 ℃ and ca. 15× 105 Pa in the western Iratsu mass is much higher than that of (610±25) ℃ and (10± 1)× 105 Pa of the Sambagawa oligoclase-biotite zone schists. The authors suggest a clockwise P-T-t path for the western Iratsu mass.

A New Occurrence of （Gold-Bearing） Graphite in the Assosa Region, BenishanguI-Gumuz State, W Ethiopia

The Assosa region of western Ethiopia hosts newly discovered and potentially highly economic graphite-bearing schist units. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphite is quickly becoming an increasingly important economic resource. Graphite occurs over much of the area, and is hosted predominantly by quartz-graphitic schist, quartz-feldspar-mica schist and quartzite. The quartz-graphitic schist covers an area of 37 km2, forming steep valleys and ridges across a 190 km long belt. Graphite is texturally-variable within and across units. Crystal habit varies from highly crystalline to irregular flakes. Flake sizes range from amorphous and crystalline small flake to coarse large flake （〉 150 p.m）, with beneficiation of- 70% and yield potential of 〉 95% （froth flotation methods）. The license area is already a well-known gold-hosting area, and potentially economic gold deposits occur within the graphite-bearing units. Overall, the site shows excellent geochemical indicators, field observations and historical accounts of high gold content. It is suggested that textural variations may be the product of （1） early in-situ formation during （early- to late-Proterozoic） prograde metamorphism and （2） later vein-type mineralization during retrograde metamorphism. The discovery of graphite in western Ethiopia is the first documented and preliminary studies suggest a high economic potential for the deposits.

A Physical Simulation Test for the RockBurst in Tunnels

According to the test results of the physical and mechanical properties of similar materials in various quality mixture, a type of material with obvious tendency of rockburst was selected to produce a large-size model to simulate rockburst phenomena in tunnels. The prototype model comes from a typical section of diversion tunnels in Jinping Hydropower Station in China. The simulation of excavating tunnels is carried out by opening a hole in the model after loading. The modeling results indicated that under the condition of normal stresses in the model boundaries the arch top, spandrel and side walls of the tunnel produced an obvious jump reaction of stress and strain and the acoustic emission counts of the surrounding rock also increased rapidly in a different time period after the "tunnel" excavation, showing the clear features of rockburst. The spalling, buckling and breaking occurred in the surrounding rock of model in conditions of over loading. It is concluded that the modeling tunnel segment in Jinping Hydropower Station is expected to form the tensile rockburst with the pattern of spalling, buckling and breaking.

FRACTAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK FRACTURE SURFACES

To give a better understanding of the morphological features of rock fracture surfaces within the framework of fractal geometry, the fractal characters of the rough surfaces in rock are analyzed according to the variogram method. The study elaborates the significance of the geometric parameters-fractal dimension D and the intercept A on a log-log plot to the surface structure. Investigation extends to the anisotropy and heterogeneity of rock fracture surfaces, and the scale effect on the fractal estimation. The present study indicates that fractal dimension alone may not be sufficient to characterize the surface roughness of rock Joints. A reliable estimation should take into account the combination of D and A.

Water-enhanced plastic deformation in felsic rocks

Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),we measured water contents in quartz and feldspar for four kinds of felsic rocks,i.e.,undeformed granite,banded granitic gneiss,fine-grained felsic mylonite,and fine-grained quartz-mica schist,collected from Pengguan Complex and Kangding Complex in the Longmenshan tectonic zone,Sichuan,China.The absorbance spectra suggest that water in coarse-grained quartz and feldspar of undeformed granite and banded granitic gneiss occurs mainly as hydroxyl in crystal defects,and water in most of fine-grained quartz and feldspar of felsic mylonite is molecular water in inclusions and liquid-type water in grain boundaries,but in some cases it still occurs as hydroxyl in crystal defects.Water content of quartz in undeformed granite is 0.001 wt%-0.009 wt %,and that of feldspar 0.005 wt%-0.02 wt%.The banded granitic gneiss shows water contents of 0.002 wt%-0.011 wt% in quartz and 0.012 wt%-0.036 wt% in feldspar.Quartz ribbon and feldspar ribbon in fine-grained felsic mylonite show that their water contents are similar to those of coarse-grained quartz and feldspar in granite,0.002 wt%-0.011 wt%,and 0.004 wt%-0.02 wt%,respectively.Water contents of fine-grained quartz and feldspar are respectively 0.004 wt%-0.02 wt% and 0.012 wt%-0.06 wt%.Water content of quartz in fine-grained quartz-mica schist is 0.007 wt%-0.15 wt%.Water-bearing minerals display much higher water contents than those of nominally anhydrous minerals,and the percentage of water-bearing minerals in felsic rocks increases with the strain of rocks.These new data indicate that hydroxyl in crystal defects has basically not been released during the shear deformation,and on the contrary,the increase in molecular water in inclusions and liquid-type water in grain boundaries as well as water-bearing minerals after shear deformation leads to a significant increase of the water content in deformed rocks.Based on data of creep tests,it is inferred here that the fine-grained mylonites with more water have much lower strength than that of the weakly deformed coarse-grained rocks in the middle crust,and this indicates that trace amount of water significantly helped develop the ductile shear zone.