岩石圈的生态作用(英文)

文章确定了“岩石圈的生态作用”这一概念的内涵 ,考虑了作用的分类 ;阐述了岩石圈的各种生态作用 ,它们分别是资源的、地球动力学的、地球化学的和地球物理的生态作用 ;阐明了在地球演化过程中和工程技术造成的影响之下这些生态作用形成的规律 ;提出了有关这些生态作用的研究课题。

岩石矿物分析化验中的质量控制要点研究

人们现今对于各种资源需求量非常大。尤其是关于各类岩石矿物资源的需求正在不断的大幅度增长。为了节约资源在使用岩石矿物资源的过程当中需要采取合理利用的方式,才可以让人们生活需求长时间得到满足。通过对于岩石矿物资源分析化验,可以了解其综合利用价值,本文针对于岩石矿物分析化验中的质量控制要点进行了深入分析,帮助更多在化工能源行业的工作人员取得可靠依据。

岩石矿物分析化验中的质量控制要点研究

现如今,人类对各项资源的需求量逐步增大。特别是对不同种类的岩石矿物资源的需求量大幅度增加。为了更好地节约资源,在对岩石矿物资源进行运用时,需要运用合理的应用方法来逐步满足人们生活的需要。通过针对岩石矿物资源所进行的分析化验,能够准确掌握其具体使用意义。本篇重点就是针对岩石矿物分析化验过程所涉及的质量管控要点进行进一步的研究,希望能够给化工能源行业的人员带来一点参考。

铜仁钾矿开发现状及前景预测

文章介绍了国内含钾岩石开发的主要研究成果、铜仁钾矿开发现状及世界钾肥市场的新变化,并对铜仁发展钾肥产业的前景进行展望,指出资源和市场始终是决定钾肥产业兴衰的重要因素,现阶段钾肥价格低迷会对不溶性钾开发产生一些负面影响,企业必定要规避这样的商业风险,调整发展方向。虽然不溶性钾矿的开发可能会暂时陷入低潮,但我国农业对钾肥的需求是刚性的,因此既需要国家保障粮食安全的战略性决策,也需要地方继续完善配套政策,从长远看不溶性钾矿开发对我国钾肥市场是有益的补充。

城市地下岩洞开发利用研究进展

岩洞开发今后可能成为城市地下空间开发的一种主要趋势。北欧国家(如瑞典、挪威和芬兰)、新加坡和中国香港等国内外城市在地下岩洞开发方面处于世界领先水平,并且在岩石资源调查与区划、岩洞三维建模、开发可行性与适宜性评价及岩洞开发规划等方面已取得了成功经验。首先概述了国内外典型城市在地下岩洞开发方面的现状和发展特点,然后结合实例,着重介绍了城市地下岩洞开发利用相关技术研究进展,并分析了目前存在的问题。为实现我国内地城市(尤其是山地城市)可持续发展,建议重视并开展基于岩洞开发的城市地下空间理论和关键技术研究。

Some Challenges of Deep Mining

An increased global supply of minerals is essential to meet the needs and expectations of a rapidly rising world population. This implies extraction from greater depths. Autonomous mining systems, developed through sustained R＆D by equipment suppliers, reduce miner exposure to hostile work environments and increase safety. This places increased focus on ＂ground control＂ and on rock mechanics to define the depth to which minerals may be extracted economically. Although significant efforts have been made since the end of World War II to apply mechanics to mine design, there have been both technological and organizational obstacles. Rock in situ is a more complex engineering material than is typically encountered in most other engineering disciplines. Mining engineering has relied heavily on empirical procedures in design for thousands of years. These are no longer adequate to address the challenges of the 21st century, as mines venture to increasingly greater depths. The development of the synthetic rock mass （SRM） in 2008 provides researchers with the ability to analyze the deformational behavior of rock masses that are anisotropic and discontinuous-attributes that were described as the defining characteristics of in situ rock by Leopold Mfiller, the president and founder of the International Society for Rock Mechanics （ISRM）, in 1966. Recent developments in the numerical modeling of large-scale mining operations （e.g., caving） using the SRM reveal unanticipated deformational behavior of the rock. The application of massive parallelization and cloud computational techniques offers major opportunities： for example, to assess uncertainties in numerical predictions： to establish the mechanics basis for the empirical rules now used in rock engineering and their validity for the prediction of rock mass behavior beyond current experience： and to use the discrete element method （DEM） in the optimization of deep mine design. For the first time, mining-and rock engineering-will have its own mechanics-based Ulaboratory.＂ This promises to be a major tool in future planning for effective mining at depth. The paper concludes with a discussion of an opportunity to demonstrate the application of DEM and SRM procedures as a laboratory, by back-analysis of mining methods used over the 80-year history of the Mount Lvell Copper Mine in Tasmania.

Petrographic Evaluation of the Ranks and Technological Applications of Some Coal Deposits in the Anambra Basin and Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria

The coal resources of Nigeria occur mainly within the Benue Trough which includes the Anambra Basin. In the Lower Benue Trough/Anambra Basin, sub-bituminous coals occur within the Maastrichtian Mamu Formation in Enugu （Enugu State）, Owukpa （Benue State）, Okaba （Kogi State） and Ogboyaga （Kogi State）. High-volatile bituminous coals occur within the Turonian-Coniacian Awgu Formation in the Middle Benue Trough around Obi/Lafia （Nasarawa State） with outcrop exposures at Jangwa-Shankodi. Organic petrographic results show that huminites dominate the maceral composition of the Anambra Basin coals and have vitrinite reflectance values that range from 0.40% to 0.63 Ro%. In the coals from the Middle Benue Trough, vitrinite macerals predominate the petrographic composition and Ro values range from 0.81% to 1.25%. Based on the petrographic composition and rank evaluation, the sub-bituminous coals in Enugu, Owukpa, Okaba and Ogboyaga （Anambra Basin） are optimum for combustion and electric power generation and sub-optimum for liquefaction, while the high-volatile bituminous coals in the Obi/Lafia area （Middle Benue Trough）, apart from being optimum for liquefaction, are the most suitable as raw material for coke making （carbonization） in steel manufacture and as exploration targets for coal-bed methane gas and liquid hydrocarbons.

Study on source rock potential and source rocks spatial distribution in the Manghan Faulted Sag, Kailu Basin

Manghan Faulted Sag is an exploratory target area in Kailu Basin. In order to determine its exploration prospect, the effectiveness of its source rocks is evaluated by organic geochemical behavior analysis of the samples, and their distributions are predicted using trace integration seismic inversion technology. Studies on their organic matter abundance, type and maturity indicate that the source rocks in the Sag have great generating potentials. Furthermore, it is found that, based on the spatial distribution predication, the source rocks in the Sag are well developed. Therefore, the Sag has a promising prospect for exploration.

A New Occurrence of （Gold-Bearing） Graphite in the Assosa Region, BenishanguI-Gumuz State, W Ethiopia

The Assosa region of western Ethiopia hosts newly discovered and potentially highly economic graphite-bearing schist units. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphite is quickly becoming an increasingly important economic resource. Graphite occurs over much of the area, and is hosted predominantly by quartz-graphitic schist, quartz-feldspar-mica schist and quartzite. The quartz-graphitic schist covers an area of 37 km2, forming steep valleys and ridges across a 190 km long belt. Graphite is texturally-variable within and across units. Crystal habit varies from highly crystalline to irregular flakes. Flake sizes range from amorphous and crystalline small flake to coarse large flake （〉 150 p.m）, with beneficiation of- 70% and yield potential of 〉 95% （froth flotation methods）. The license area is already a well-known gold-hosting area, and potentially economic gold deposits occur within the graphite-bearing units. Overall, the site shows excellent geochemical indicators, field observations and historical accounts of high gold content. It is suggested that textural variations may be the product of （1） early in-situ formation during （early- to late-Proterozoic） prograde metamorphism and （2） later vein-type mineralization during retrograde metamorphism. The discovery of graphite in western Ethiopia is the first documented and preliminary studies suggest a high economic potential for the deposits.

Unconventional Story： A Future with Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Resources, A Look from Russia

The main achievements in the development of hardly-recoverable resources are currently associated with shale oil and gas. The result of the ＂shale revolution＂ was billions of dollars in losses for oil exporters. The question is how this situation w＇ill be long-lasting or ＂shale bubble＂ will burst. The success of the shale revolution can be not only an economic win or economic defeat of the United States, the question is about reputation as a global political leader and the country＇s ability to solve the most difficult technological problems. Everything at stake to extend the ＂shale gas revolution＂ as it is possible longer, in time to prepare the conditions and technologies for a new energy revolution and to maintain the usual high level of energy consumption. The situation is further complicated by the introduction in the game of OPEC （organization of petroleum exporting countries） causing oil prices dropped below the cost of shale oil. The future of high technology in the production of oil depends on whether exporters and importers to negotiate the best price for oil, to ensure the sustainable development of the world economy.

Potential petroleum sources and exploration directions around the Manjar Sag in the Tarim Basin

Since the discovery of the Tahe oilfield, it has been controversial on whether the main source rock is in the Cambrian or Middle-Upper Ordovician strata. In this paper, it is assumed that the crude oil from the Wells YM 2 and TD 2 was derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician and Cambrian source rocks, respectively. We analyzed the biomarkers of the crude oil, asphalt-adsorbed hydrocarbon and saturated hydrocarbon in bitumen inclusions from the Lunnan and Hade areas in the North Uplift of the Tarim Basin. Results show that the ratios of tricyclic terpane C2~/C23 in the crude oil, asphalt-adsorbed hydrocarbon and saturated hydrocarbon in bitumen inclusions are less than 1.0, indicating that they might be from Upper Ordovician source rocks; the ratios of C28/（C27＋C28＋C29） steranes in the saturated hydrocarbon from reservoir bitumen and bitumen inclusions are higher than 25, suggesting that they might come from the Cambrian source rocks, however, the ratios of C28/（C27＋C28＋C29） steranes in oil from the North Uplift are less than 25, suggesting that they might be sourced from the Upper Ordovician source rocks. These findings demonstrate that the sources of crude oil in the Tarim Basin are complicated. The chemical composition and carbon isotopes of Ordovician reservoired oil in the Tarim Basin indicated that the crude oil in the North Uplift （including the Tahe oilfield） and Tazhong Depression was within mixture areas of crude oil from the Wells YM 2 and TD 2 as the end members of the Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician sourced oils, respectively. This observation suggests that the crude oil in the Ordovician strata is a mixture of oils from the Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks, with increasing contribution from the Cambrian source rocks from the southern slope of the North Uplift to northern slope of the Central Uplift of the Tarim Basin. Considering the lithology and sedimentary facies data, the spatial distribution of the Cambrian, Middle-Lower Ordovician and Upper Ordovician source rocks was reconstructed on the basis of seismic reflection characteristics, and high-quality source rocks were revealed to be mainly located in the slope belt of the basin and were longitudinally developed over the maximum flooding surface during the progressive-regressive cycle. Affected by the transformation of the tectonic framework in the basin, the overlays of source rocks in different regions are different and the distribution of oil and gas was determined by the initial basin sedimentary structure and later reformation process. The northern slope of the Central Uplift-Shuntuo-Gucheng areas would be a recent important target for oil and gas exploration, since they have been near the slope area for a long time.