岩质边坡结构面实用分类方法研究

已有岩体结构面分类方法多数为定性分类,很少定量给出结构面力学参数,难以在岩土工程设计中应用。而目前各种规范采用的实用分类方法在参数取值及分类指标描述等方面仍需进一步完善。在广泛收集公路、铁路、水利水电、城市建筑边坡岩体结构面试验成果的基础上,通过分析整理,对国标《建筑边坡工程技术规范》(GB 50330-2002)结构面分类方法进行完善和补充,提出了相应的修正意见,提升了该分类方法的科学性与实用性,使岩质边坡设计更趋合理。研究成果可为岩质边坡工程技术规范修订提供参考。

块裂结构岩质边坡水力学模型及数值模拟

把块裂结构岩质边坡看作拟连续介质与块裂介质广义双重介质,运用现代分形理论,建立了1-2级主干裂隙分形网络,并根据两类介质接触处水头相等及节点流量相等建立了合理的块裂结构边坡三维水力学模型,给出了有限元解法,模拟了三峡工程的蓄水位至175m时边坡渗流场与应力场的变化,在应用上有较好的可靠性与广泛性。

块裂结构岩质边坡渗流模型及数值模拟

把块裂结构岩质边坡看作拟连续介质与块裂介质广义双重介质,运用现代分形理论,建立了1～2级主干裂隙分形网络,并根据两类介质接触处水头相等及节点流量相等建立了合理的块裂结构边坡三维渗流模型,给出了有限元解法,模拟了三峡工程的蓄水位致175m时边坡渗流场的变化,在应用上有较好的可靠性与广泛性。

水平地震力作用下顺倾结构面对岩质边坡破坏影响分析

基于断裂理论和波动理论对水平地震力作用下对岩质边坡顺倾结构面的破坏建立了数学模型,在不考虑结构面填充物的影响下分析了结构面的长度、埋深及倾角在水平地震动力作用下对边坡破坏的影响。分析结果表明,当结构面埋深与长度h/L相差不大时,对于一定的水平地震加速度a,结构面埋深和长度越大,边坡在地震作用下越容易破坏;当结构面埋深和长度一定时,边坡破坏随着水平地震加速度的增大而增强。另外,结构面的倾角在增大过程中,岩体所受的拉应力逐渐增大,剪应力则表现为先增大,后减小。这是由于当结构面的埋深与长度一定时,随着倾角的增大,地震作用下边坡是从剪切破坏逐渐向拉张破坏过渡。该模型对地震作用时边坡稳定性分析具有一定的参考意义。

岩质边坡破坏模式与结构面因素

本文简要介绍了建筑岩质边坡与土质边坡及滑坡的不同之处和岩质之坡的变形破坏过程及破坏模式，着重阐述了结构面在岩质边坡破坏中的控制因素及支护原则。

外倾结构面控制的岩质边坡设计支护力计算

通过对外倾结构面岩质边坡设计支护力计算方法进行分析,指出侧向岩石压方法和增大下滑力法(FstT)计算方法存在的问题和不足,推导出基于边坡安全稳定系数的计算方法。经过实例分析和数值法验算,可知其推荐的计算方法思路清晰,符合强度折减法理念,更易于理解和使用。计算的支护力满足规范规定的安全储备,在保证安全的情况下节约边坡治理成本。

宁杭高速公路宜兴兰右山深路堑高边坡整体稳定性探讨

分析了宁杭高速公路宜兴兰右山深路堑工程地质特征、边坡稳定性影响因素及边坡变形破坏机理,并在此基础上指出:该段西侧高边坡一级台阶为泥岩,二级以上台阶为石英砂岩,边坡呈"上硬下软"双层结构;由于泥岩岩性特殊,具有浸水软化、膨胀、崩解、易风化等特征,在地下水诱因下,这种双层结构类型对边坡稳定性十分不利;为高速公路运营安全,宜采取主动防护措施,如坡面封闭隔水处理、预应力锚索、砂浆锚杆框架等防护方案,防止发生边坡深层破坏。

Effect of Pressure on Electronic Structures and Optical Properties of Rocksalt InN

The electronic structures and optical properties of rocksalt indium nitride （INN） under pressure were studied using the first-principles calculation by considering the exchange and correlation potentials with the generalized gradient approximation. The calculated lattice constant shows good agreement with the experimental value. It is interestingly found that the band gap energy Eg at the F or X point remarkably increases with increasing pressure, but Eg at the L point does not increase obviously. The pressure coefficient of Eg is calculated to be 44 meV/GPa at the F point. Moreover, the optical properties of rocksalt InN were calculated and discussed based on the calculated band structures and electronic density of states.

碎裂结构岩质边坡滑坡机理与防治

介绍碎裂结构岩质路堑边坡滑坡的水文地质特性、滑坡特征、形成因素分析及稳定性评价 ,结合工程实例探讨拉压分散型锚索治理滑坡的防治措施。

Discovery of Late Permian Jianshanzi volcanic rocks in Qinghe valley of northern Liaoning and its geologic significance

Jianshanzi volcanic rocks at Qinghe valley in the northern Liaoning were considered belonging to Early Proterozoie Gaojiayu Formation of Liaohe Group, or to Early Cambrian Beidagou Formation of Qinghezhen Group, or Middle-Late Proterozoic Shenjiapu Formation-Complex of Kaiyuan Group-complex. Dating the zircons from the dacite with schistosity is 2 506 Ma in method of U-Pb （SHRIMP）. This evidence indicates the rocks may be referred to Late Permian in age. Discovery of the rocks is significant to re-recognize stratigraphic property of ＂Liaohe Group＂, regional geoteetonie location and revolution of orogenic zone in Qinghe valley of the northern Liaoning.

Sensitivity analysis of influencing parameters in cavern stability

In order to analyze the stability of the underground rock structures,knowing the sensitivity of geomechanical parameters is important.To investigate the priority of these geomechanical properties in the stability of cavern,a sensitivity analysis has been performed on a single cavern in various rock mass qualities according to RMR using Phase 2.The stability of cavern has been studied by investigating the side wall deformation.Results showed that most sensitive properties are coefficient of lateral stress and modulus of deformation.Also parameters of Hoek-Brown criterion and r c have no sensitivity when cavern is in a perfect elastic state.But in an elasto-plastic state,parameters of Hoek-Brown criterion and r c affect the deformability;such effect becomes more remarkable with increasing plastic area.Other parameters have different sensitivities concerning rock mass quality(RMR).Results have been used to propose the best set of parameters for study on prediction of sidewall displacement.

Research on characters of surrounding rock in complex geology conditions and supporting time

The methods combined by test, field monitoring and theoretical analysis were adopted to do the systemic research on the rock mass from micro-structure to macro-deformation, and rheological model of Jinchuan rock mass was established to discuss the reasonable supporting time. Resuhs show that supporting after suitable stress and displacement release can benefit for the long-term stability of surrounding rock.

Petrological study of the western Iratsu mass from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan

The western Iratsu mass, the largest tectonic body in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, is mainly composed of epidote amphibolite with minor amounts of eclogite. Systematically, a majority of garnets show bell-shaped chemical zoning of pyrope contents and Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) monotonously increasing outward. The grossular component in zonal garnet increases outwards, maximizes at an intermediate part, and then decreases towards the outermost rim, reflecting a process from increasing to decreasing pressure conditions during the prograde metamorphism. Jadeite contents of omphacite range from 25～20mole% within the cores to 15～10 mole% at the rims, implying a pressure-decreasing process (from 11 × 105 Pa to 8 × 105 Pa). The peak pressure-temperature (P-T) condition of 630～680 ℃ and ca. 15× 105 Pa in the western Iratsu mass is much higher than that of (610±25) ℃ and (10± 1)× 105 Pa of the Sambagawa oligoclase-biotite zone schists. The authors suggest a clockwise P-T-t path for the western Iratsu mass.

Effects of micrite microtextures on the elastic and petrophysical properties of carbonate reservoirs

Apparent differences in sedimentation and diagenesis exist between carbonate reservoirs in different areas and affect their petrophysical and elastic properties.To elucidate the relevant mechanism,we study and analyze the characteristics of rock microstructure and elastic properties of carbonates and their variation regularity using 89 carbonate samples from the different areas The results show that the overall variation regularities of the physical and elastic properties of the carbonate rocks are controlled by the microtextures of the microcrystalline calcite,whereas the traditional classification of rock-and pore-structures is no longer applicable.The micrite microtextures can be divided,with respect to their morphological features,into porous micrite,compact micrite,and tight micrite.As the micrites evolves from the first to the last type,crystal boundaries are observed with increasingly close coalescence,the micritic intercrystalline porosity and pore-throat radius gradually decrease;meanwhile,the rigidity of the calcite microcrystalline particle boundary and elastic homogeneity are enhanced.As a result,the seismic elastic characteristics,such as permeability and velocity of samples,show a general trend of decreasing with the increase of porosity.For low-porosity rock samples(φ<5%)dominated by tight micrite,the micritic pores have limited contributions to porosity and permeability and the micrite elastic properties are similar to those of the rock matrix.In such cases,the macroscopic physical and elastic properties are more susceptible to the formation of cracks and dissolution pores,but these features are controlled by the pore structure.The pore aspect ratio can be used as a good indication of pore types.The bulk modulus aspect ratio for dissolution pores is greater than 0.2,whereas that of the intergranular pores ranges from 0.1 to 0.2.The porous and compact micrites are observed to have a bulk modulus aspect ratio less than 0.1,whereas the ratio of the tight micrite approaches 0.2。

Discussion of Research Related to Structural Plane of Rock Mass Slope

In this paper, firstly, the rock slope and rock mass structure are introduced. And then, two aspects of the study of the structural plane are discussed： The first aspect is method for determining mechanical parameters of structural plane; The second aspect is analysis of shear strength of structural plane.

Roadway failure and support in a coal seam underlying a previously mined coal seam

The influence of an upper,mined coal seam on the stability of rock surrounding a roadway in a lower coal seam is examined.The technical problems of roadway control are discussed based on the geological conditions existing in the Liyazhuang Mine No.2 coal seam.The stress distribution and floor failure in the lower works after mining the upper coal is studied through numerical simulations.The failure mechanism of the roof and walls of a roadway located in the lower coal seam is described.The predicted deformation and failure of the roadway for different distances between the two coal seams are used to design two ways of supporting the lower structure.One is a combined support consisting of anchors with a joist steel tent and a combined anchor truss.A field test of the design was performed to good effect.The results have significance for the design of supports for roadways located in similar conditions.

Acoustic-electrical properties and rock physics models for shale-oil formations:prediction of reservoir properties of interbedded sandstone and shale layers

In recent years,the Yanchang shale-oil formations of the Ordos Basin are rich in reserves with complex lithology and structure characteristics,low porosity and low permeability,and weak anomalies for oil and water discriminations,have been the key targets of unconventional oil/gas resource exploration and development in the relevant areas.The joint acoustic-electrical(AE)properties can be used to interpret reservoir lithology,mineralogy,pore structure,and fluid saturation.To conduct tests of thin section analysis,X-ray diff raction,and ultrasonic and electrical experiments at diff erent pressures and saturation degrees,cores from the shale-oil formations in the Q area of the basin are collected.The variations in AE properties with respect to clay content,porosity,pressure(microfracture),and saturation are analyzed.The experimental results indicate that the rock physics behaviors of sandstones with diff erent clay contents vary significantly.The AE properties of clean sandstones are basically dependent on the microfractures(pressure),while for muddy sandstones,the clay content is an important factor affecting the responses.The target reservoir consists of interbedded sandstone and shale layers.The AE equivalent medium equations and the Gurevich theory are applied to establish the joint models for the diff erent lithologies and simulate the variations in AE properties with respect to fluid type,pore structure,and mineral components.The three-dimensional joint templates of clean and muddy sandstones,as well as shale,are developed based on the elastic and electrical attributes and then calibrated using the experimental and well-log data.The reservoir properties are estimated with the templates and validated by the log data.The results indicate that the joint templates based on lithology characteristics can eff ectively characterize the properties of interbedded sandstone and shale layers.Furthermore,the combined application of AE data provides more beneficial information for the assessment of rock properties,leading to precise estimates that conform with the actual formation conditions.

Engineering geological classification of the structural planes for hydroelectric projects in Emeishan Basalts

The scale and characteristics of rock mass are important indexes of the rock mass structural plane classification. This paper firstly analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics, the structural plane types （original structural plane, tectonic structural plane and hypergenic structural plane） and the associated features of the Emeishan basalts and then studies the classification schemes of the built hydropower structure planes of different rock areas （the east district, the central district and the west district） in the Emeishan basalt distribution area, Southwest China. Based on the analysis and comparison of the scale and the engineering geological characteristics of the typical structure planes in the basalt hydroelectric Stations, the types of structural planes are used in the first order classification. The secondary order classification is made by considering the impact factors of rock mass quality, e.g., the state of the structural planes, infilling, joint opening, extending length, the grade of weathering and strength. The engineering geological classification for Emeishan basalt is proposed. Because there are no evidences of a large structure presenting in study area, the first-order （Ⅰ） controlling structural planes do not appear in the classification, there only appear Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ grade structural planes influencing the rock-mass quality. According to the different rock-block types in bedding fault zone, the second-grade （Ⅱ） structural planes consisted of bedding fault zone is further classified into Ⅱ1, Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ3. The third-grade （Ⅲ） structural planes constructed by intraformational faulted zones are not subdivided. According to the different characteristics of intrusion, alteration and weathering unloading structural planes, the Ⅳ grade structure plane is divided into Ⅳ1, Ⅳ2 and Ⅳ3. According to the development characteristics of joints and fractures, the V grade structure plane is divided into fracture Ⅴ1 and columnar joint Ⅴ2. In all, the structural planes are classified into four groups with nine subsets. The research proposes the engineering geological classification of the structural plane for the hydropower project in the Emishan basalts, and the result of the study has a potential application in similar regions.

Sustainability Issues Related to the Engineering Geology of Long Linear Developments

The development of long linear structures such as roads, rail roads, tunnels, canals and pipelines often has unique engineering geology challenges. These include geological modeling, the identification of material strength and support factors, stability and risk issues, material excavation characteristics and the proposal of techniques for overcoming geotechnical problems, which are normally assessed as part of the conventional engineering geological investigation. An additional factor that is becoming increasingly important but is seldom included in investigations is the sustainability of the geotechnical inputs, in contrast to the sustainability of the project which is generally included. Sustainability issues revolve around the non-renewable nature of most construction resources and there is no doubt that the injudicious use of these construction materials and construction water is not sustainable in the long term: it is thus essential that the engineering geo-logical investigation should take cognizance of such issues and be adapted to provide the design engineer with the information that will maximize the sustainability options. This will also require a closer on-going relation-ship between the engineering geologist and the design engineer. This paper highlights significant sustainability issues (note that these differ from conventional environmental issues) and suggests some mitigating solutions. The sustainability issues discussed include primarily material and water usage, with some reference to energy conservation (mostly through alternative material usage and processing techniques and transportation).

宁杭高速公路兰右山深路堑高边坡整体稳定性分析

南京～杭州(宁杭)高速公路(江苏段)线路近南北向穿越宜兴市兰右山。兰右山山体走向近东西向, 为剥蚀低缓丘陵。深路堑西侧边坡最大挖深约40m,设计边坡为台阶式,每级边坡高度为8m。该段路堑边坡主要 为岩质边坡,其主要岩组为泥盆系五通组石英砂岩夹泥岩,岩石强度一般较高,岩层产状平缓,具中～厚层结构类 型。西侧边坡泥岩层面稍内倾。在分析深路堑工程地质特征、边坡稳定性影响因素及边坡变形破坏机理的基础上指 出:该段西侧高边坡一级台阶为泥岩,二级以上台阶为石英砂岩,边坡呈“上硬下软”双层结构。由于泥岩岩性特殊, 具有浸水软化、膨胀、崩解、易风化等特征,在地下水诱因下,这种双层结构类型对边坡稳定性十分不利。为了保证 高速公路运营安全,宜采取主动防护措施,如坡面封闭隔水处理、预应力锚索、砂浆锚杆框架等防护方案,以防止发 生边坡深层破坏。