两周时期州国(淳于)立国与迁徙史事略考

《左传》桓公五年奔曹之州国(淳于)在西周早期应为祝融集团秃姓舟人,西周中期与杞国联手叛周失败后,向东北迁徙至今河南濮阳、范县一带淳于之地,作为州国存续至春秋初。鲁桓公五年州公因避国难奔曹朝鲁,促使州国(淳于)向东迁入海岱地区,安置于泰安、新泰一带徂徕山—龟山谷地,不晚于公元前544年为杞国所兼并,国亡。传统认为两周时期海岱地区州国地望在今山东安丘东北、潍坊市坊子区一带,且未曾迁移的观点,仍有值得商榷之处。

Cloning of Banana Bunchy Top Virus Chinese Zhangzhou Isolate DNA 4 and the Promoter Activity of Its Non_coding Region

Banana bunchy top virus Chinese Zhangzhou isolate (BBTV-ZZ) DNA 4 was amplified by PCR and cloned. Sequence analysis showed that BBTV-ZZ DNA 4 is 1 039 nucleotides (nts) in length and this virus could be one member of BBTV Asian group. Transcriptional initiation site A, which is at the 269 nucleotide, was preliminarily determined by using 5' RACE method. BBTV-ZZ DNA 4 non-coding region was sub-cloned by PCR and inserted into upstream of gfp : : gus plant expression vector pCAMBIA 1304 to construct recombinant plasmid pTA2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring pTA2 was injected into leaves of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi NC) via Agrobacterium-infiltration procedure. Transient expressions of GUS and GFP were determined in injected leaves 3 - 5 d later. GUS activities of pTA2, pCAMBIA 1304 injected and non-injected tobacco leaves respectively were 1.007 0 pmol MU(.)mug(-1.)min(-1), 2.069 0 pmol MU(.)mug(-1.)min(-1) and 0.021 4 pmol MU(.)mug(-1.)min(-1). Indirect ELISA for GFP in 1 mg total protein from pTA2, pCAMBIA 1304 injected and non-injected leaves showed an A(490 nm) value of 89.577, 100.440 and 3.287, respectively. These results showed that the non-coding region of BBTV-ZZ DNA 4 has a promoter activity not only in the virus replication in monocot, but also in driving the expression of a foreign gene in dicot plants.

Growth and Mortality of Small Yellow Croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) Inhabiting Haizhou Bay of China

Length frequency data of small yellow croaker （Larimichthys polyactis） were acquired from the survey vessel in May, July, September and December, 2011 in Haizhou Bay of China. In this study, 921 fish individuals were analyzed for the estimation of growth and mortality parameters. Between length and weight, the power coefficient b was 2.7321, 2.9703, 3.0418 and 2.7252 for the 4 surveying months, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were 230mm （L∞） and 0.26yr-1 （K） as were calculated with ELEFAN method equipped in FiSAT computer package. With length-converted catch curve analysis, the total mortality rate （Z） and its 95% confidence interval were 2.16 （1.69-2.64） yr-1, 0.59 （0.15-1.04） yr-1, 1.16 （0.80-1.52） yrl and 0.96 （0.70-1.23） yr1 for the 4 surveying months, respectively, with the pooled data the value was 1.15 （0.81-1.48） yr1. The natural mor- tality rate （M） was 0.516 yr 1 as was calculated with Pauly＇s equation （the annual average sea water temperature was 11 ℃）. Therefore, fish mortality rate was 0.634 yrz. The yield-per-recruit analysis indicated that when tc was 1, Fmax, was 0.7 and F01 was 0.55. Cur- rently, the age at first capture is about 1 year and Fcurrent was 0.634. Therefore, Fcurrent was larger than F0.1 and less than Fmax. This indicates that current fish mortality is at a dangerously high level. With Gulland method, the biological reference point for fishery （Fopt） was estimated as 0.516 yr1, lower than current fish mortality. Accordingly, reducing catch in the region was strongly recom- mended.

莫高窟第409窟回鹘可汗可敦供养画像阐释——以汉文化因素探析为中心

沙州回鹘洞窟共有23个,其中有22个洞窟是在前代基础上重绘,莫高窟第409窟是23个沙州回鹘洞窟中唯一一个整窟重绘且绘有可汗可敦供养画像的洞窟,其重要性可见一斑。莫高窟第409窟回鹘可汗可敦供养画像既体现回鹘本民族特征,又具有浓烈的汉文化风格,通过分析其中的仪仗队伍、团龙纹样等汉文化因素,联系现有历史材料,推测回鹘可汗可敦为沙州镇国王子夫妇。

Comparison of Soil Biota Between Organic and Conventional Agroecosystems in Oregon, USA

Soil samples at 0-10 cm in depth were collected periodically at paired fields in Corvallis, Oregon, USA to compare differences in soil microbial and faunal populations between organic and conventional agroecosystems. Results showed that the organic soil ecosystem had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) average number or biomass of soil bacteria; densities of flagellates, amoebae of protozoa; some nematodes, such as microbivorous and predaceous nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes; as well as Collembola. Greater numbers of Rhabditida (such as Rhabditis spp.), were present in the organic soil ecosystem while Panagrolaimus spp. were predominant in the conventional soil ecosystem. The omnivores and predators of Acarina in the Mesostigmata (such as Digamasellidae and Laelapid), and Prostigmata (such as Alicorhaiidae and Rhagidiidae), were also more abundant in the organic soil ecosystem. However, fungivorous Prostigmata (such as Terpnacaridae and Nanorchestidae) and Astigmata (such as Acarida) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the conventional soil ecosystem, which supported the finding that total fungal biomass was greater in the conventional soil ecosystem. Seansonal variations of the population depended mostly on soil moisture condition and food web relationship. The population declined from May to October for both agroecosystems. However, higher diversities and densities of soil biota survived occurred in the organic soil ecosystem in the dry season.

Land Use and Land Cover Change on Slope in Qiandongnan Prefecture of Southwest China

This study uses DEM （Digital Elevation Model） data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types （farmland, grassland and build-up） declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from o° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on 〉 25° from 2993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics： Patch Density （PD） value, Largest Patch Index （LPI）, Shannon＇s Diversity Index （SHDI）, Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index （AWMSI） and Contagion Index （CONTAG）. The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.

Vegetation Geo-climatic Zonation in the Rocky Mountains, Northern Utah, USA

We developed a vegetation geo-climatic zonation incorporating the zonal concept, gradient and discriminant analysis in Wasatch Range, northern Utah, USA. Mountainous forest ecosystems were sampled and described by vegetation, physiographic features and soil properties. The Snowpack Telemetry and National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program weather station networks were used to approximate the climate of sample plots. We analysed vegetation and environmental data using clustering, ordination, classification, and ANOVA techniques to reveal environmental gradients affecting a broad vegetation pattern and discriminate these gradients. The specific objective was to assess and classify the response of the complex vegetation to those environmental factors operating at a coarse-scale climatic level. Ordination revealed the dominant role of regional, altitude-based climate in the area. Based on vegetation physiognomy, represented by five tree species, climatic data and taxonomic classification of zonal soils, we identified two vegetation geo-climatic zones:(1) a montane zone, with Rocky Mountain juniper and Douglas-fir; and(2) a subalpine zone, with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir as climatic climax species. Aspen was excluded from the zonation due to its great ecological amplitude. We found significant differences between the zones in regional climate and landformgeomorphology/soils. Regional climate was represented by elevation, precipitation, and air and soil temperatures; and geomorphology by soil types. This coarse-scale vegetation geo-climatic zonation provides a framework for a comprehensive ecosystem survey, which is missing in the central Rocky Mountains of the United States. The vegetation-geoclimatic zonation represents a conceptual improvement on earlier classifications. This framework explicitly accounts for the influence of the physical environment on the distribution of vegetation within a complex landscape typical of the central Rocky Mountains and in mountain ranges elsewhere.

Hedonic price analysis of urban housing:An empirical research on Hangzhou,China

The hedonic price model is widely applied to study the urban housing market because of the heterogeneity of housing products. Literature indicated that the hedonic price theory mainly includes two parts: Lancaster’s partiality theory and Rosen’s characteristic market equilibrium analysis. This paper chose 18 characteristics as independent variables and set up a linear hedonic price model for Hangzhou City. The model was tested with 2473 housing samples and field survey data of 290 housing commu-nities. This research found that 14 out of 18 characteristics had significant influence on housing price. They were classified into 5 groups according to their impact degree.

A field study on the conversion ratio of phytoplankton biomass carbon to chlorophyll-a in Jiaozhou Bay,China

A one-year field study was conducted to determine the conversion ratio of phytoplankton biomass carbon （Phyto-C） to chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） in Jiaozhou Bay, China. We measured suspended particulate organic carbon （POC） and phytoplankton Chl-a samples collected in surface water monthly from March 2005 to February 2006. The temporal and spatial variations of Chl-a and POC concentrations were observed in the bay. Based on the field measurements, a linear regression model Ⅱwas used to generate the conversion ratio of Phyto-C to Chl-a. In most cases, a good linear correlation was found between the observed POC and Chl-a concentrations, and the calculated conversion ratios ranged from 26 to 250 with a mean value of 56 μg ·μl^-1. The conversion ratio in the fall was higher than that in the winter and spring months, and had the lowest values in the summer. The ratios also exhibited spatial variations, generally with low values in the near shore regions and relatively high values in offshore waters. Our study suggests that temperature was likely to be the main factor influencing the observed seasonal variations of conversion ratios while nutrient supply and light penetration played important roles in controlling the spatial variations.

A Modified DRASTIC Approach to Shallow Groundwater Vulnerability in the West Lake Watershed in Hangzhou, China

The quality of shallow groundwater in the West Lake watershed wasinvestigated form March to July 2000. Integrating with BlacklandGRASS GIS system, the DRASTIC model was used to compile the ground-water vulnerability map. A land use factor was added to the DRASTICmodel and the modified model (LDRASTIC0 increased the accuracy ofprediction form 26.9/100 to 51.3/100. The vulnerability map showedthat the lowly, moderately and highly susceptible area predictedoccupied about 11.6/100, 70.9/100 and 17.5/100 of the wholewatershed, respectively. Compared with the observed values of nitrateand electric conductivity, the LDRASTIC index improved the Pearsoncorrelation coefficients form -0.010 to 0.237 and 0.380 to 0.503;Both the improved coefficients were significant at the 0.01 level.The modified DRASTIC analysis showed a Great potential as a screeningtool for policy decision-making in groundwater management.

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantifed with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area （about 50.81%） was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Urban Expansion and Its Influencing Factors in Natural Wetland Distribution Area in Fuzhou City,China

This paper principally focuses on land use dynamics,urban expansion and underlying driving forces in the Natural Wetland Distribution Area(NWDA)of Fuzhou City in the southeastern China.Based on time series Landsat TM/ETM+imageries and historical data,relationships between urban land expansion and its influencing factors from 1989 to 2009 were analyzed by using an integrated approach of remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)techniques.The results showed that built-up land increased from 151.16 km2in 1989 to 383.76 km 2in 2009. Approximately 64.25%of the newly emerging built-up land was converted from cropland(29.47%),forest and shrub (25.78%),water(3.73%),wetland(4.61%),and bare land(0.66%)during 1989 and 2009.With a remarkable decrease in cropland,the proportion of non-agricultural population increased by 23.6%.Moreover,rapid development of infrastructures,facilities,industrial parks,and urban and rural settlements along the Minjiang River resulted in the eastward and southward expansion of built-up land.Additionally,the growth pattern of built-up land in the NWDA is highly correlated with socio-economic factors,including the gross domestic product(GDP),GDP per capita,and structure of industry.As a result,the observed environmental degradation such as loss of cropland and wetland due to heavy pressure of rapid urbanization have greatly impaired the carrying capacity of city.Thus,in addition to scientific and rational policies towards minimizing the adverse effects of urbanization,coordination between the administrative agencies should be urgently strengthened to balance the conflicts between urban development and ecological conservation to make sure the sustainable land use.

Changes in the small-jellyfish community in recent decades in Jiaozhou Bay, China

We used long term monitoring data to evaluate changes in abundance and species dominance of small-jellyfish (collected with zooplankton net whose bell diameter was less than 5 cm) between 1991 and 2009 in the Jiaozhou Bay, China. Zooplankton samples were vertically towed with conical plankton net from near-bottom to surface, identified microscopically, and mapped in time-space using Grapher 7.0 and Surfer 8.0. Results show that the abundance of small-jellyfish throughout the bay had been increasing during 2001-2009 on average of 15.2 ind./m 3 , almost 5 times higher than that between 1991 and 2000. The occurrence of peak abundance shifted from spring to summer after 2000, and two peaks appeared in spring and summer, respectively, after 2005. Both the abundance and the frequency of blooms of small-jellyfish increased after 2000 in the bay. In addition, the biodiversity of jellyfish has increased significantly in recent years with a change in dominant species. Several new dominant species appeared after 2000, including Rathkae octopunctata in winter, Phialidium hemisphaericum in spring, summer, and autumn, Phialucium carolinae in spring, and Pleurobrachia globosa in summer and autumn, while some previous dominant species throughout the 1990s (Eirene ceylonensis, Zanclea costata, Lovenella assimilis, and Muggiaea atlantica) were no longer dominant after 2000. The abundance of small-jellyfish was positively correlated with the density of dinoflagellates, and the abundance of zooplankton. We believe that the changes in smalljellyfish abundance and species composition were the result of eutrophication, aquaculture and coastal construction activities around the bay. Concurrently, seawater warming and salinity decrease in recent decades promoted the growth and reproduction of small-jellyfish in the bay.

Biomarker Records of Phytoplankton Productivity and Community Structure Changes During the Last 14000 Years in the Mud Area Southwest off Cheju Island, East China Sea

The ecological environment in the East China Sea(ECS)and the Yellow Sea(YS)has changed significantly due to sea-level rising and the Kuroshio incursion since the last deglaciation.In this study,biomarker records of core F10B from the mud area southwest off Cheju Island(MSWCI)were generated to evaluate phytoplankton productivity and community structure changes in response to environmental evolution during the last 14 kyr.The contents of diatom,dinoflagellate and haptophyte biomarkers(brassicasterol,dinosterol and C37alkenones)display similar trends,with increasing phytoplankton productivity during the last 14kyr due to the increased influences of the Kuroshio,and especially due to the eddy-induced upwelling during the late Holocene.On the other hand,the contents of terrestrial biomarkers(C28+C30+C32n-alkanols)and terrestrial organic matter(TOM)proxies(TMBR′and BIT)all reveal decreasing TOM input into the area around the sampling site for the 14 kyr,mostly due to sea-level ris-ing.Phytoplankton biomarker ratios reveal a shift from a haptophyte-dominated community at 6.2 2.5 kyr BP to a diatom-dominated community at 2.5 1.45 kyr BP,likely caused by a stronger cold eddy circulation system at 2.5 1.45 kyr BP in the MSWCI.

Spatial Analysis of Commuting Mode Choice in Guangzhou, China

Metropolitan cities in China are commonly confronted with unresolved traffic congestion issues, primarily due to rapidly increasing traffic demand. Group disparity between commuting mode choice and its spatial distribution on road networks has enabled us to examine the factors that give rise to the discrepancies and the fundamental spatial causes of traffic congestion. In recent years, mi- cro-perspective, individual, and behavior-based spatial analysis have mushroomed and been facilitated with effective tools such as tem- poral geographic information systems （T-GIS）. It is difficult to study the interrelations between transport and space on the basis of commuting mode choice since the mode choice data are invisible in a specific space such as a particular road network. Therefore, in the field of transport, the classical origin destination （OD） four-stage model （FSM） is usually employed to calculate data when studying commuting mode choice. Based on the relative principles of T-GIS and the platform of ArcGIS, this paper considers Guangzhou as a case study and develops a spatio-temporal tool to examine the daily activities of residents. Meanwhile, the traffic volume distribution in rush hours, which was analyzed according to commuting modes and how they were reflected in the road network, was scrutinized with data extracted from travel diaries. Moreover, efforts were made to explain the relationship between traffic demand and urban spatial structure. Based on the investigation, this research indicates that traffic volumes in divergent groups and on the road networks is driven by： l） the socio-economie characteristics of travelers; 2） a jobs-housing imbalance under suburbanization; 3） differences in the spatial supply of transport modes; 4） the remains of the Danwei （work unit） system and market development in China; and 5） the transition of urban spatial structure and other factors.

晓峰残月说柳永

搭民航早班车去鸭蛋山渡口,遥见晓雾朦胧,青峰叠翠,残月一钩,那具有古典装饰意味的便是定海晓峰岭隧道了.明知此“晓峰”非彼“晓风”,仍禁不住要联想起柳永,联想起千古名句“杨柳岸,晓风残月”的凄美意境.过隧道而西是盐仓乡,我小时候就听说那一带海边产盐,盐仓即因此得名.十一世纪的北宋著名词人柳永曾在此处晓峰盐场担任过监官.“晓峰”原为“孝峰”,早先这地方出了孝子,近侧现尚存“孝娘桥”.晓峰,也许是后人附会“晓风残月”而改,或是由于这一带山峰,清新淡雅,以拂晓薄雾笼罩为最美,这些已无从考证.

Application of ICP-AES with Microwave Digestion to Detect Trace Elements in Oysters from Jiaozhou Bay,China

Using ICP-AES with microwave digestion, we determined the concentrations of 16 trace elements in oysters from six sampling points in Jiaozhou Bay.The distributions of the wholesome elements Zn, Fe and Mn, and heavy metals such as As,Cd,Hg and Pb were studied.The oysters collected are all rich in the wholesome trace elements,and the oysters from Licun River have the highest concentrations of the three wholesome trace elements.The concentrations of heavy metals in oysters from Licun River are the highest and those from Hongdao are the lowest. Compared with the domestic and foreign sea-areas,the heavy metal contents in the oysters from Jiaozhou Bay are less in amount than those from some developed countries, and more than those in Southeast China.This implies that the Jiaozhou Bay's oysters have been polluted by the environment to some extent.

Study on Elemental Fingerprint of Traditional Marine Chinese Medicine Oysters from Jiaozhou Bay,China

In order to investigate the relationship between the trace elements and the characteristics of the oysters, we analyzed the trace elements present in the germplasm of oysters from different producing areas in the Jiaozhou Bay. The element fingerprints were established to reflect the elemental characteristics of the oysters. Concentration patterns of the elements were deciphered by principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The six regions were discriminated with accuracy using HCA and PCA based on the concentration of 16 trace elements. The elements were viewed as characteristic elements of the oysters and the fingerprints of these elements could be used to distinguish the quality of the oysters.

Comparative Analysis of Four Stem Taper Models for Quercus glauca in Mount Halla,Jeju Island,South Korea

This study was conducted to fit the diameter-height data of Quercusglaucain Jeju Island, South Korea to the four commonly used stem taper equations andto evaluate the performance of the four stem taper models using four statistical criteria： Fit index （FI）, root mean square error （RMSE）, bias （）,and absolute mean difference （AMD）. Results showed that the Kozak02stem taper equation provided the best FI（0.9847）, RMSE（1.5745）,（-0.0030 cm） and AMD （1.0990 cm） whileMax and Burkhart model had the poorest performance among the four stem taper models based on the four evaluation statistics （FI ： 0.9793,RMSE ： 1.8272, ： 0.3040 cm and AMD ： 1.3060 cm）. These stem taper equations can serve as a useful tool for forest managers in estimating the diameter outside bark at any given height, merchantable stem volumes and total stem volumesof the standing trees of Quercusglaucain theGotjawal forests located in Mount Halla, Jeju Island, South Korea.

Characteristics of the microzooplankton community in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China

The species composition and abundance of microzooplankton at 10 marine and five coastal stations （Hongdao, Daguhe, Haibohe, Huangdao and Hangxiao） in the Jiaozhou Bay （Qingdao, China） were studied in 2001. The microzooplankton community was found to be dominated by Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis urnula, Tintinnopsis brevicoUis and Codonellopsis sp. The average abundance of microzooplankton was highly variable among stations. Specifically, the abundance of microzooplankton was higher at inshore stations and lower in the center of the bay （St. 5）, bay mouth （St. 9） and outside the bay （St. 10）. The highest average annual densities （346 ind./L） was observed at St. 3, while the lowest （55 ind./L） was at St. 10. Two abundance peaks were recorded in May （324 ind./L） and February （300 ind./L）. The distribution of microzooplankton in three sampling layers at the 10 stations was relatively homogenous and the abundance decreased slightly as the water depth increased. At coastal stations, the highest average annual density was recorded at Hongdao Station （677 ind./L）, followed by Daguhe Station （616 ind./L）, Haibohe Station （400 ind./L ）, Huangdao Station （275 ind./L） and Hangxiao Station （73 ind./L）. Furthermore, a 24-h sampling analysis conducted at Hangxiao Station revealed that the microzooplankton assemblages were characterized by a bimodal diel vertical migration pattem, with the highest densities occurring at dusk （154 ind./L）, followed by dawn （146 ind./L）, noon （93 ind./L） and midnight （77 ind./L）. The density of microzooplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay was in the middle range of the densities of temperate coastal waters worldwide.