We analyze an infinite horizon difference game between four aggregated industries-production of producer goods, production of consumption goods, federation of labor unions, and commercial banking sector. Consumers do ...We analyze an infinite horizon difference game between four aggregated industries-production of producer goods, production of consumption goods, federation of labor unions, and commercial banking sector. Consumers do not behave strategically. They make their decisions on the basis of maximization of average discounted utility. Therefore, we do not include them in the set of players in the game. The payoffof each production industry and the commercial banking sector is equal to the average discounted sum of real dividends of its owners. The payoff of the federation of labor unions is equal to the average discounted sum of real wages and real unemployment benefits. A strict strong perfect general equilibrium is the applied solution concept for the game. It requires that there does not exist a coalition of players that can weakly Pareto improve the vector of continuation payoffs of its members in some subgame by a coordinated deviation. It is a refinement of Rubinstein＇s concept of a strong perfect equilibrium. We formulate and prove the sufficient condition for its existence. It is based on the assumption that no one of the aggregated industries can have a positive output without using some minimal amount of output of each other aggregated industry as an input. By definition, in each subgame, the equilibrium payoff vector in a strict strong perfect general equilibrium is strictly Pareto efficient. Thus, if each consumer either has only income from wage and unemployment benefit or receives dividend from only one aggregated industry, and his nominal income in each period along the equilibrium path exceeds social minimum, it is not possible to weakly Pareto improve the vector of consumers＇ average discounted real incomes. This holds not only for the whole game but also for each subgame starting in the first phase of some period.展开更多
An ever more demanding consumer market and the need for companies to be more competitive have led organizations to try to eliminate waste. This research is a case study which presents a proposal for intervention in or...An ever more demanding consumer market and the need for companies to be more competitive have led organizations to try to eliminate waste. This research is a case study which presents a proposal for intervention in order to improve performance of a pre-cast concrete block factory in outer Goihnia. As a first step, waste in the production process was identified through analysis of data on time involved in each step of the process. Then, applying the concepts of lean production, a list of activities was drawn up with a view to eliminating non-value-added work, identifying waste, decreasing cycle time, streamlining the production process and increasing the flexibility and transparency of the process. From the results, it was possible to identify the sources of waste and provide management with information for strategic decisions about production. Finally, various suggestions were made with a view to eliminating or mitigating bottlenecks in the production process.展开更多
文摘We analyze an infinite horizon difference game between four aggregated industries-production of producer goods, production of consumption goods, federation of labor unions, and commercial banking sector. Consumers do not behave strategically. They make their decisions on the basis of maximization of average discounted utility. Therefore, we do not include them in the set of players in the game. The payoffof each production industry and the commercial banking sector is equal to the average discounted sum of real dividends of its owners. The payoff of the federation of labor unions is equal to the average discounted sum of real wages and real unemployment benefits. A strict strong perfect general equilibrium is the applied solution concept for the game. It requires that there does not exist a coalition of players that can weakly Pareto improve the vector of continuation payoffs of its members in some subgame by a coordinated deviation. It is a refinement of Rubinstein＇s concept of a strong perfect equilibrium. We formulate and prove the sufficient condition for its existence. It is based on the assumption that no one of the aggregated industries can have a positive output without using some minimal amount of output of each other aggregated industry as an input. By definition, in each subgame, the equilibrium payoff vector in a strict strong perfect general equilibrium is strictly Pareto efficient. Thus, if each consumer either has only income from wage and unemployment benefit or receives dividend from only one aggregated industry, and his nominal income in each period along the equilibrium path exceeds social minimum, it is not possible to weakly Pareto improve the vector of consumers＇ average discounted real incomes. This holds not only for the whole game but also for each subgame starting in the first phase of some period.
文摘An ever more demanding consumer market and the need for companies to be more competitive have led organizations to try to eliminate waste. This research is a case study which presents a proposal for intervention in order to improve performance of a pre-cast concrete block factory in outer Goihnia. As a first step, waste in the production process was identified through analysis of data on time involved in each step of the process. Then, applying the concepts of lean production, a list of activities was drawn up with a view to eliminating non-value-added work, identifying waste, decreasing cycle time, streamlining the production process and increasing the flexibility and transparency of the process. From the results, it was possible to identify the sources of waste and provide management with information for strategic decisions about production. Finally, various suggestions were made with a view to eliminating or mitigating bottlenecks in the production process.
