性别与性别角色析论

「男外女内」的分工型态曾有生态学与生物学的历史渊源，并成为建立男女有别之认知基础。性别角色刻板印象与性别差异是国外社会心理学者的二个主要性别研究议题。工具取向的男性化特质与情感表达性之女性化特质的刻板知觉具有跨文化性的普遍性。性别差异的後设分析发现了部份符合刻板印象的特质，但是不符合者占多数。台湾性别议题的研究以性别刻板印象及四种性别角色类型与各种变项之相关为主流。在研究方法、测量工具及研究深度方面，并没有突出方框架的地方；研究结果主要是支持已有的发现。从记载中国传统社会有关女性角色的规范与戒律的文献，发现柔顺曲从是儒家思想特别要求於女性的特质。柔顺是性别角色量表中女性化的重要特质，曲从隐含容忍的意涵，则不见於量表中。纯用抽象化的特质项目来测量的方法，不易显露中国人性别角色的特色。本文透过个案的自述及眞实行为的录影记录，提示了女性具备情感性特质的根源及传统女性柔顺曲从与男女尊卑有序的中国文化特色。本文也试着整合既有的性别角色理论以廓勒出性别角色在一文化中传承与变化的可能历程。

Characterization of shear stresses in nickel-based superalloy Mar-M247 when orthogonal machining with coated carbide tools

Mar-M247 is a nickel-based alloy which is well known as difficult-to-machine material due to its characteristics of high strength, poor thermal diffusion and work hardening. Calculation of shear stress by an analytical force model to indicate the effect of coating material, cutting speed, feed rate on tool life and surface roughness was conducted experimentally. Cutting tests were performed using round inserts, with cutting speeds ranging from 50 to 300 rn/min, and feed rates from 0.1 to 0.4 mm/tooth, without using cooling liquids. The behavior of the TiN and TiCN layers using various cutting conditions was analyzed with orthogonal machining force model. Cutting results indicate that different coated tools, together with cutting variables, play a significant role in determining the machinability when milling Mar-M247.