地下核爆诱发工程性地震实测数据分析与不可逆变形范围计算

地下核试验瞬间释放的巨大能量引起地壳能量的连锁反应,产生诱发地震等地球物理现象。本文对20世纪前苏联与美国进行的地下核试验数据进行整理与归纳,给出地下核爆炸试验诱发工程地震的范围以及激活岩块大小等。根据实测数据,指出地下核爆炸诱发工程性地震的力学本质,利用理论公式计算了地下核爆炸产生不可逆位移的临界能量因子范围,为相关研究提供理论基础和场地效应试验数据。

爆炸与冲击中的非线性岩石力学问题Ⅲ:地下核爆炸诱发工程性地震效应的计算原理及应用

系统分析地下核试验诱发工程性地震场地效应实测数据,通过解析地下核封闭爆炸、浅埋爆炸和触地爆炸时距爆心不同区域的能量辐射特性,构建以特征能量因子定量表征各区变形特征的一致性方法,得到爆炸近区至中远区大尺度范围中,不可逆变形的特征能量因子阈值,发现其大小呈现等级跃减规律,首次构建地下核爆炸诱发工程性地震效应局部不可逆变形大小离爆心比例距离的理论计算方法,结合场地实测数据验证该方法的科学可靠性。在此基础上,通过深入研究爆炸激活岩块变形对深地下工程围岩稳定性影响,提出地下防护工程抗大当量钻地武器打击的安全埋深设计必须考虑诱发工程性地震效应,并给出了其计算方法。

Lifeline system network reliability calculation based on GIS and FTA

Lifelines, such as pipeline, transportation, communication, electric transmission and medical rescue systems, are complicated networks that always distribute spatially over large geological and geographic units. The quantification of their reliability under an earthquake occurrence should be highly regarded, because the performance of these systems during a destructive earthquake is vital in order to estimate direct and indirect economic losses from lifeline failures, and is also related to laying out a rescue plan. The research in this paper aims to develop a new earthquake reliability calculation methodology for lifeline systems. The methodology of the network reliability for lifeline systems is based on fault tree analysis （FTA） and geological information system （GIS）. The interactions existing in a lifeline system ale considered herein. The lifeline systems are idealized as equivalent networks, consisting of nodes and links, and are described by network analysis in GIS. Firstly, the node is divided into two types： simple node and complicated node, where the reliability of the complicated node is calculated by FTA and interaction is regarded as one factor to affect performance of the nodes. The reliability of simple node and link is evaluated by code. Then, the reliability of the entilre network is assessed based on GIS and FTA. Lastly, an illustration is given to show the methodology.

Analysis of Seismic Risk at an Engineering Site from Site Effect Seismic Intensity Data Using the Seismotectonic Method——Taking Six Reservoir Dam Sites in Western Anhui as an Example

The seismotectonic method is used to study the seismogenic structures and the maximum potential earthquake around an engineering site in order to determine the seismic risk at the site. Analysis of seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data, in combination with regional seismo_geological data, using the seismotectonic method can provide a more reliable result. In this paper, taking the area of six reservoir dam sites in western Anhui as an example, we analyze the seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data in combination with the seismotectonic conditions and find that P (I≥i)=10% over 50 years. The result shows that the seismogenic structure and the maximum potential earthquake have a controlling effect on seismic risk from future earthquakes in the area around the site.

The Role of Soil Investigation on Performance-based Design in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

The spatial variability of geotechnical earthquake engineering critical parameters obtained by laboratory and in situ tests in the same area is affected by different measurements. The paper provides a brief synthesis of ground motion and site effects analysis procedures within a Performance-Based Design framework. In particular it focuses about the influence on the evaluation of site effects in some active regions by different shear waves velocity measurements （Down Hole D-H and Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Test SDMT）. Moreover the variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with strain level and depth from different laboratory dynamic or cyclic tests for soil characterisation （Resonant Column Test RCT） was evaluated. The available data enabled one to compare the shear waves velocity profile obtained by laboratory and in situ tests （Cone Penetration Tests CPT） with empirical correlations proposed in literature.

Increasing effect of metamorphism on rock properties

This work studied the effect of increasing degree of metamorphism on the properties of rocks.The properties investigated are the physical,mechanical and dynamic parameters.They are important inputs in the design of many mining and civil engineering techniques such as in tunnelling,slope stability and dynamic activities associated with seismicity and fragmentation.This work compared the degree of metamorphism examined through petrographic studies of the Transvaal Sequence in South Africa with the properties of the rocks.The study shows that as the effect metamorphism increases,the state of stress,compaction of grains,cementation and the brittleness of the rocks increases.In addition,increase in the metamorphic effect increases the value of the rock property.The degree of metamorphism of an outcrop is the key factor influencing its property value.Therefore the metamorphism effect of an outcrop may act as a guide to its engineering properties.

Review and Prospects of the Global Earthquake Model Project ( GEM)

This paper reviewed the main target,functions,tool( Open Quake software) and research achievements of the Global Earthquake Model( GEM) Foundation,and made a simple prospect on the development and application of projects of GEM in the future. Learning from GEM and Open Quake is helpful to improve the seismic hazard model of China and enhance the scientificity of the seismic hazard assessment for metropolitans and major engineering facilities near major seismogenic structures.

大当量爆炸地冲击毁伤效应的理论与试验研究Ⅰ:深埋洞室地冲击破坏的现场实测分析

为厘清地冲击扰动作用下的深埋洞室破坏机制,建立地冲击毁伤的判别准则,系统总结、分析国内外大当量地下爆炸试验及爆破中的深埋洞室破坏现象及规律。按照距爆心的距离,将爆炸破坏分为地冲击破坏和诱发工程性地震破坏2种。采用经验估计和应力判别2种方法,计算并对比地冲击破坏各分区的边界范围和破坏特征。通过系统总结、分析现有研究,提出岩体的含能特征和构造特征是诱发工程性地震破坏产生的原因。进而从块系介质变形的本质入手,梳理爆炸条件下块系介质变形的基本概念和力学模型,分析比例爆距和激活块体尺度的关系。而后综合现有研究,提出以能量因子为参量的破坏效应分析方法,得到不同爆炸当量下位移的边界范围,并以能量因子为指标参数,实现了从近区到远区、从封闭爆炸到触地爆炸的各破坏区变形的统一表征,为大当量地下爆炸条件下安全范围确定及相关工程防护技术建立奠定了理论基础。

Influences of the Three Gorges Project on seismic activities in the reservoir area

Reservoir-induced earthquakes related with the construction of the Three Gorges Project have attracted great concerns of the public. Since the first water impoundment on May 25, 2003, a number of earthquakes have occurred during the water storage stages, in which the largest was the Badong M5.1 earthquake on December 16, 2013. In this paper, the relationships between seismic activities, b value, seismic parameters, and reservoir water level fluctuations are studied. In addition, based on the digital seismic waveform data obtained since 2000, the focal depth changes and focal mechanism characteristics before and after the water impoundment are studied as well. These provide us important information to understand the earthquake mechanisms. The results show that these earthquakes are typical reservoir-induced earthquakes, which are closely related to water infiltration, pore pressure, and water level fluctuations.The majority of the micro and small earthquakes are caused by karst collapse, mine collapse, bank reformation, superficial unloading, and so on. The larger earthquakes are related to the fault structures to some extent. Due to the persistent effects of water impoundment on the seismic and geological environments around the reservoir and water infiltration into the rocks, the influences on the crustal deformation field, gravity field, seepage field, and fault medium-softening action may vary gradually from a higher strength to a weaker one. Therefore, it is possible that small earthquakes and few medium earthquakes(M≤5.5) will occur in the reservoir area in the future.