井下工具的选择对采油工艺的作用探讨

在油田的井下采油作业过程中,井下工具质量的好坏会直接影响到原油的生产,加上近年来,由于致力于油田生产服务的厂家为了充分占领市场并在市场中占有一席之地,加大了对于各种井下作业工具的研制,然后以自己的产品来开拓市场,这必然造成了可供使用的井下工具越来越多,其中不乏对于井下采油作业完全不适合的工具。基于这种情况,对于井下工具进行优化选择成为了井下采油作业的必然趋势。本文从井下工具选择的好坏对采油工艺的影响谈起,介绍了进行井下工具选择的原则、选择井下工具的方法,最后列举了两例井下工具试验工装的设计和所能检测的性能指标。

穿琥宁的性质作用及冻干工艺概述

目的:研究注射用穿琥宁(冻干粉针剂)的性质作用及冻干工艺原理。方法:在恒温条件下,注射用穿琥宁中所需的辅料和掌握冷冻干燥过程中的工艺控制。结果:实验结果表明,加入了缓冲剂、氯化钠、右旋糖酐的穿琥宁溶液剂在经过预冻、升华、再干燥的冻干过程后得到外观良好、性质稳定的穿琥宁冻干粉针剂。

刍议选煤技术的发展及煤炭洗选的作用

首先对选煤技术的概念及发展现状进行了简要概括。然后,从物理选煤、物理化学选煤、化学选煤、微生物选煤等方面分析了煤炭洗选工艺的原理。最后,对两种典型的选煤技术进行了介绍。

机械加工生产中金属切削液的应用与管理方法探讨

金属切削液是机械加工中重要的辅助材料,具有减摩、冷却、冲洗及防锈等四个主要作用。可分为水基切削液和油基切削液两大类,各有特点和适用工况。在选型时需要从工艺适用性、运行成本及安全性三个方面综合考虑。金属切削液处理设备可以分成单机供回系统和集中净化系统两类,选型时应综合考虑本厂内的机床状况、工厂产量及设备特点等条件。金属切削液需要进行理化检测,水基切削液需检测pH值、折光浓度及含菌量;油基型切削液需检测粘度、油中颗粒物的含量和颗粒度,必要时需做Karl-Fis-cher实验。金属切削液处理设备的管理包括日常管理和定期维护两方面内容。

Optimization of Fermentation and Product Collection Process of the Functional Bacteria for Bioremediation of Shrimp Culture Environment

In order to implement industrial production of selected functional bacteria for bioremediation of shrimp culture environment, the fermentation conditions of the three functional bacteria, which have high ability in degrading organic pollutants at the bottom of shrimp ponds, were studied. The results showed that the favorable fermentation medium （per L） was 25 g of peptone, 5 g of yeast extract, and 0.2 g of ferric phosphate, and the initial pH value of the medium was 8.0. The optimum fermentation time was 20 h. The optimum stirring way was stirring one hour after one hour. Iso-electric point sedimentation collecting method was the most efficient and economic method to collect the bacteria cells after fermentation, with the optimum sediment pH of 3.67, 4.02, and 3.40 for the strains Lt7222, Gy7018 and Lt7511,respectively. It was also indicated that the survival and reproducing ability of the bacterial cells were not affected by the sedimentation process.

Treatment of anthraquinone dye wastewater by hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process

Experiment on microbial degradation with two kinds of biological process, hydrolytic acidification-aerobic process and aerobic process was conducted to treat the anthraquinone dye wastewater with COD Cr concentration of 400 mg/L and chroma 800. The experimental result demonstrated that the hydrolytic-aerobic process could raise the biodegradability of anthraquinone dye wastewater effectively. The effluent COD Cr can reach 120170 mg/L and chroma 150 which is superior to that from simple aerobic process.

The Coevolutionary Relationship of Technology, Market and Government Regulation in Telecommunications

The telecommunications industry has been undergoing tremendous technological changes, and owning to continuous technological advancement, it has maintained sustained prosperity and development. In this paper, the interplay between technology, market and government in telecommunications is discussed briefly, and then we introduce technology and government into the traditional SCP(Structure – Conduct – Performance) paradigm to develop an industry analysis framework called TGM(SCP)(Technology – Government – Market(Structure – Conduct – Performance)). Based on this framework, we present the spiral coevolution model which elaborates on the interaction mechanism of technological innovation with government regulation and market dynamics from the perspective of industry evolution. Our study indicates that the development of the telecommunications industry is the result of the coevolution of technology, government regulation and market forces, and among the three actors, technology is the fundamental driving force. Relative to the "invisible hand"(market) and "visible hand"(government), we conceptualize technology as the "third hand", which fundamentally drives the development of telecommunications industry in coordination with the other two hands. We also provide several policy implications regarding these findings.

Thermogravimetric Study and Modeling of Direct Sulfation of Limestone by Sulfur Dioxide

The direct sulfation of limestone from different sources in Iran was studiedin a thermogravimetric analyzer under atmospheric pressure. All limestone samples tested have higherthan 97% CaCO_3. Experimental conditions were as follows: particle size levels ranging from 1.6 μmto 7.8 μm, four level reaction temperatures (700℃, 750℃, 800℃ and 850℃), and two SO_2concentrations (2.4 x 10^(-3) and 3.2 x 10^(-3) mol · mol^(-1)). The particle size and temperatureshowed dominant influences on the rate and level of conversion while the effect of SO_2concentration was weak. The shrinking core model can be used to describe the behavior of thesulfation process. The reaction kinetics and diffusion mechanism are both important in controllingthe rate of the process. The two key parameters of the model, chemical rate constant K_s andeffective diffusion coefficient D_(eff) were obtained. Model predictions are in good agreement withthe experimental data.

The Characteristics of a Sorption-enhanced Steam-Methane Reaction for the Production of Hydrogen Using CO_2 Sorbent

The objective of the present study is to characterize the production of hydrogen with a sorptionenhanced steam-methane reaction process using Ca(OH)2 as the CO2 adsorbent. Theoretical equilibrium compositions at different operation conditions were calculated using an iterative method. It was found that with Ca(OH)2 as the CO2 sorbent, the concentration of CO2 adsorption was reduced in the product stream, that gave rise to higher methane conversion and higher H2 concentration. An experimental setup was built to test the theoretical calculation. The effects of sorbents and the particle size of Ca(OH)2 on the concentration of CO2 and H2 were investigated in detail. Results showed that the reactor packed with catalyst and Ca(OH)2 particles produced H2 concentration of 94%. It was nearly 96% of the theoretical equilibrium limit, much higher than H2 equilibrium concentration of 67.5% without CO2 sorption under the same conditions of 500℃, 0.2 MPa pressure and a steam-to-methane ratio 6. In addition, the residual mole fraction of CO2 was less than 0.001.

Reducing residual distortion of thin-plate weldments by rotating extrusion

A new method named rotating extrusion was developed to mitigate residual distortion of thin-plate weldments. The basic principle and characteristic of rotating extrusion as well as an efficient rotating extrusion device were introduced. Systematic trials were conducted to investigate the influence of several technological parameters including the distance between the extrusion tool and welding torch, the pressure acting on weldment, the dimension of the extrusion tool and its rotational speed on distortion control effect. Experimental results show that, as for 2A12T4 aluminum alloy weldment with 2 mm in thickness, 150 mm in width and 350 mm in length, when appropriate technological parameters are adopted, rotating extrusion can reduce its buckling deflection to below 3% of the original value. Implementing rotating extrusion during welding with an extrusion tool more than 100 mm away from the welding torch may achieve better distortion mitigation effect.

A Two-step Design Method for Shaft Work Targeting on Low-temperature Process

In low-temperature processes, there are interactions between heat exchanger network(HEN) and refrigeration system. The modification on HEN of the chilling train for increasing energy recovery does not always coordinate with the minimum shaft work consumption of the corresponding refrigeration system. In this paper, a systematic approach for optimizing low-temperature system is presented through mathematical method and exergy analysis. The possibility of "pockets", which appears as right nose section in the grand composite curve(EGCC) of the process, is first optimized. The EGCC with the pockets cutting down is designed as a separate part. A case study is used to illustrate the application of the approach for a HEN of a chilling train with propylene and ethylene refrigerant system in an ethylene production process.

Characteristics of ultrasonic vibration transmission in bonding process

The transmitting models of ultrasonic vibration in ultrasonic transducer and capillary were presented according to the propagating mechanism of ultrasonic wave in elastic body. The coupling characteristics of ultrasonic longitudinal-complex transverse vibration system were simulated by Matlab software. The ultrasonic vibration displacement and the velocity of high frequency were measured by using the PSV-400-M2(1.5MHz) laser Doppler vibrometer. The vibration locus shapes driven by the same frequency and different frequencies were tested by using GDS-820S dual channel digital oscilloscope. The microstructures at bonding interface were observed by means of KYKY2800 scanning electron microscope. The results show that ultrasonic vibration displacement or velocity and energy density increase with the decrease of section area in the transmitting process. The vibration locus shapes driven simultaneously by the same frequency and different frequencies are elliptical (or circular) loci and rectangular (or square) loci, respectively. And the characteristics at bonding interface are improved by coupling loci.

Numerical simulation and experimental study of hybrid laser-electric arc welding between dissimilar Mg alloys

This work aims to establish a suitable numerical simulation model for hybrid laser-electric arc heat source welding of dissimilar Mg alloys between AZ31 and AZ80. Based on the energy conservation law and Fourier’s law of heat conduction, the differential equations of the three-dimensional temperature field for nonlinear transient heat conduction are built. According to the analysis of nonlinear transient heat transfer, the equations representing initial conditions and boundary conditions are obtained. The “double ellipsoidal heat source + 3D Gaussian heat source”combination was chosen to construct the laser-electric arc hybrid heat source. The weld bead morphologies and the distribution of temperature, stress, displacement and plastic strains are numerically simulated. The actual welding experiments were performed by a hybrid laser-electric arc welding machine. The interaction mechanism between laser and electric arc in the hybrid welding of Mg alloys is discussed in detail. The hybrid heat source can promote the absorption of laser energy and electric arc in the molten pool, resulting in more uniform energy distribution in the molten pool and the corresponding improvement of welding parameters. This work can provide theoretical guidance and data supports for the optimization of the hybrid laser-electric arc welding processes for Mg alloys.

Advances in Study on Catalysts for Phenol Synthesis via Catalytic Hydroxylation of Benzene in China

Synthesis of phenol via direct hydroxylation of benzene as a typical reaction of atomic economy has attracted extensive attention worldwide and has also become an actively investigated domain in China. This article refers to the recent domestic advances in study on phenol synthesis via hydroxylation of benzene from the viewpoint of catalysts, and considers the TS-1/H2O2 and FeZSM-5/N2O catalytic systems to be promising ones with good prospects for commercialization along with some suggestions on future research work.

茶氨酸的研究进展

综述了最近几年来国内外对茶氨酸的理化性质、提取工艺、药理学作用及开发利用现状方面的研究。以期挖掘出茶氨酸在医药、食品、保健方面的巨大应用潜力。

Study of Desorption Agent for LADS Process

This article refers to the procedure for selection, evaluation and development of the LADS-D desorption agent associated with the LADS-A adsorbent used in the non-hydroprocessing adsorptive desulfurization (LADS) process for FCC naphtha developed by LPEC Refining Research Institute. The LADS-D desorption agent can effectively remove the sulfides adsorbed on the LADS-A adsorbent. The saturated LADS-A adsorbent can be instantly regenerated by the LADS-D desorption agent to recover its adsorption activity. The LADS-D desorption agent can not only effectively remove all impurities adsorbed on the adsorbent, but also has strong ability to dissolve the impurities to keep a stable desorption efficiency of adsorbent to be basically commensurate with fresh adsorbent after extended use.

Commercial Application of UFR to VRDS Unit Expansion at Qilu Petrochemical Company

Technology and commercial application of UFR to VRDS unit expansion at Qilu Petrochemical Company, for which engineering work was done by SINOPEC Engineering Incorporation （the former Beijing Design Institute）, were introduced. Successful experience for the first commercial application of up-flow reactor technology and debottlenecking of the unit were summarized. The findings revealed a new route for inferior residue hydrotreating and revamping the existing units of the like.

Study on Metal-Passivating Elements in FCC Operation and Their Migration

Elements including P, Sb, Ce, La, B, Sn, Ti, Bi and Mg that could passivate Ni and V were studied on their migration on FCC catalysts and carriers under simulated commercial FCC operating conditions.Test results had shown that P, Sb, B and Sn compounds exhibited migration activity. The effects of temperature, fluidizing medium and contact time on migration of antimony compounds were investigated,and the mechanism regarding antimony migration was proposed. Meanwhile, it was disclosed that Ni on catalyst could stimulate Sb contained in the metal passivator to move onto FCC catalyst in tandem with the interaction between nickel and antimony.

钻孔灌注桩压浆技术在加固工程中的应用

文章从我国建筑工程中广泛应用的钻孔灌注桩基础的施工过程中存在的问题出发,分析了问题产生的原因及对承载力的影响,并结合具体工程项目,对桩基础桩端桩侧压浆加固的作用原理,施工工艺等进行了探讨,并经工程验证,确定该方法在桩基础加固中具有一定的推广价值。

乌兹别克斯坦砂岩型铀矿地浸工艺的新进展及天然—工艺铀成矿作用

通过对乌兹别克斯坦砂岩型铀矿的考察学习，了解了该国地浸工艺概况，分析了酸法和碱法地浸的优缺点，重点描述了清水和微酸法地浸方法及其流程和天然工艺铀成矿作用，并由此提出清水和微酸法的应用对我国砂岩铀矿地浸的重要借鉴意义，同时天然－工艺铀成矿作用也要引起我们的高度重视。