关于差事件的几点注记

在事件之间的运算中,对差事件的认识和理解是一个难点,我们仅仅熟知的是差事件的概率公式;然而,无论是研究以差事件为条件的条件概率,还是研究在某事件发生的条件下差事件发生的条件概率,这些对于概率论而言,都有研究的意义和价值,本文将展现出全新的条件减法公式。

差异性事件在物理教学中的运用

介绍了差异性事件的概念,列举差异性事件在物理教学中的运用.实践证明,教师运用差异性事件可以激发学生学习的直接兴趣,进行概念转变教学,创设问题情境.

浅析差异性事件背景下的企业管理学理论

目前,中小型企业与大型企业之间的管理存在一定的差异性,导致其无法通过同一种思维对待两种规模企业类型管理上出现的问题。基于此,开展以当前大型企业与中小型企业中存在的差异性为背景的企业管理学理论浅析,通过对两种企业类型的管理从企业管理机制、企业管理职能以及企业管理过程三方面进行研究,对完善企业管理具有十分重要的意义。

PDCA循环在门诊西药房内差中的应用效果分析

分析门诊西药房内差管理期间应用PDCA循环对药物调配时间、药房管理质量以及降低门诊西药房内差事件的影响。方法 将2022年6月至2023年5月期间门诊西药房处方量为主进行分析,选择的处方共2400例,将选择的处方按照常规管理(对照组)以及PDCA循环(观察组)的方式进行分组研究,对比两组药物调配时间、药房管理质量以及降低门诊西药房内差事件。结果 观察组各项药品调配时间均优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组各项药房管理质量评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组西药房内差事件发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 PDCA循环用于门诊西药房内差管理期间可以起到较好的效果,能够有效保障患者的临床用药安全,提高配药合格率。

选择性剪接事件在子宫内膜癌预后中的作用

目的:选择性剪接(alternative splicing,AS)是一种强大而普遍的转录调控机制,可以扩大基因组的编码能力。越来越多的证据表明mRNA前体的剪接失调可能与各种类型的癌症有一定的相关性。本研究探究AS在子宫内膜癌(endometrial cancer,EC)预后中的作用。方法:通过对癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中配对的EC及其癌旁组织的拼接百分比(percent spliced in,PSI)值筛选出差异性表达AS(differently expressed AS,DEAS)事件,并对其亲本基因进行基因本体(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)分析。用单因素Cox分析筛选出与预后相关的AS事件,并进行多因素Cox回归分析进一步构建Cox预后模型,通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价预后模型的诊断价值。最后,构建模型中AS事件与剪切因子的调控网络。结果:在EC中共检测到28281个AS事件,其中存在42个DEAS事件,其亲本基因参与了EC减数分裂核分裂、α−氨基酸生物合成过程以及核分裂等肿瘤相关过程。单因素Cox分析鉴定出2289个与预后相关的AS事件,构建了基于7种不同类型AS事件和包含所有类型AS事件的Cox预后模型,其中包含所有类型AS事件模型的ROC曲线下面积高达0.882,优于其他7种不同类型的模型。有12个剪切因子和AS事件表现出明显的调控关系。结论:利用AS事件的全基因组分析证明了有数千个AS事件与EC显著相关,涉及多个基因,这些基因的剪接在癌症的发展中起至关重要的作用;本研究通过这些AS事件为EC患者建立科学的预后预测模型,为EC临床预后评估提供了可靠的理论依据。

Dependent mechanism of Chinese prepositions processing in the brain:evidence from event-related potentials

Objective To compare the event-related potentials （ERPs） waves of verbs and prepositions in the brain. Methods We recorded ERPs in the brain while participants judged the legality of the collocation for verbs and ＂preposition＂. Results Both verbs and prepositions elicited a negativity at the frontal site in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window. No difference was seen in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window; In difference waves, a negativity was elicited in the left and fight hemisphere at about 270-400 ms and 470-600 ms window for both open and closed-class words. Conclusion These may demonstrate that prepositions in modem Chinese are probably not a separate class from verbs and that N280 may be not a specific component for only prepositions （or closed-class words）.

概念转变教学模式在生物学教学中的应用——以染色体组概念为例

本文以染色体组概念为例,介绍了教师如何针对学生的前科学概念,有针对性地设计问题情景和活动环节,引导学生进行概念转变和重建的教学过程。在叙述教师如何组织教学和引导的同时,还展示了教学活动设计背后的各种教学考虑。

The Characteristic Analysis and Seismic Triggering Study of the M6.2 and M6.1 Dayao Earthquake Sequences in 2003

The high-resolution hypocenter locations of the mainshocks on July 21 （M6.2） and October 16, 2003 （M6.1） and their aftershock sequences are determined in Dayao, Yunnan by using a double-difference earthquake location algorithm. The results show that the epicenters of the two mainshocks are very close to each other and the distribution of the aftershock sequence appears to be very linear. The distribution of the earthquake sequence is very consistent with the focal mechanism, and both mainshocks are of nearly vertical right-lateral fault. Unlike most other double earthquakes in the Yunmm area, the aftershock distribution of the M6.2 and M6.1 Dayao earthquakes does not appear to be a conjugated distribution but to be in a line, and there are some stacks in the two earthquake sequences. It can be inferred that they are all controlled by the same fault. The distribution of aftershocks is asymmetrical with respect to the mainshock location and appears to be unilateral. The aftershocks of the M6.2 mainshock centralize in the northwest of M6.2 earthquake and the aftershocks of the M6.1 earthquake are in the southeast of the mainshock, moreover, the M6.1 earthquake appears to be another rupture on the southeastern extensiou of the same fault as the M6.2 earthquake. The results of Coulomb failure static stress changes △σf show that the earthquake on July 21 （M6.2） apparently triggered the earthquake on October 16 （M6.1）, the two mainshocks have stress triggering to their off-fault aftershocks to different extents, and the M6.5 earthquake that occurred in Yao＇an in 2000 also triggered the occurrence of the two Dayao earthquakes.

Characteristics of diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over Xinjiang Province in China

Aimed at improving knowledge regarding the diurnal cycle of warm-season rainfall in northwestern China,this study investigated the diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation with different durations in Xinjiang,China,using an hourly gauge–satellite merged precipitation product during 2008 to 2019.Results show noticeable diurnal variations with distinctive regional features.The primary peak is in the early evening.Rainfall events with duration less than 3 h occur more often across the whole of Xinjiang and contribute more than half of the precipitation amount over its northern and southern peripheries,while rainfall events with duration more than 7 h over the Tianshan Mountains are responsible for the primary peak in the diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation.

以前科学概念为起点建构科学概念

学生通过日常生活的各种渠道和自身实践,对客观世界中的各种事物已经形成了自己的看法,并在无形中养成了他们独特的思维方式。教师应尊重学生已有的认知经验,以学生的前科学概念为教学起点,使前科学概念和科学概念密切联系起来,利用学生的认识冲突及创设差异性事件,修正错误的前科学概念,建构科学概念。

The Combined Effect of Initial Error and Model Error on ENSO Prediction Uncertainty Generated by the Zebiak-Cane Model

Initial errors and model errors are the source of prediction errors. In this study, the authors compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation （CNOP）-type initial errors and nonlinear forcing singular vector （NFSV）- type tendency errors of the Zebiak-Cane model with respect to El Nifio events and analyze their combined effect on the prediction errors for E1 Nino events. The CNOP- type initial error （NFSV-type tendency error） represents the initial errors （model errors） that have the largest effect on prediction uncertainties for E1 Nifio events under the perfect model （perfect initial conditions） scenario. How- ever, when the CNOP-type initial errors and the NFSV- type tendency errors are simultaneously considered in the model, the prediction errors caused by them are not am- plified as the authors expected. Specifically, the predic- tion errors caused by the combined mode of CNOP-type initial errors and NFSV-type tendency errors are a little larger than those caused by the NFSV-type tendency er- rors. This fact emphasizes a need to investigate the opti- mal combined mode of initial errors and tendency errors that cause the largest prediction error for E1 Nifio events.

On the Differences of Information Presentation in Sino-US Straight News Reports About International Air Disasters

This paper compares the differences of information presentation in the straight news reports about international air disasters in ChD （China Daily） and NYT （The New York Times）. The type of straight news report is regarded as the most objective news report in the journalistic field. The purpose of this research is to find out the different journalistic cultures or orientations between Chinese and American newspapers when they report the same world event. This paper finds that ChD prefers to provide more information for the consequences of the event and reactions to it usually by making general and static statements. NYT attaches more importance to background introduction and is more liable to use detailed and dynamic description

Comparison of Two Earthquake Location Methods for Seismic Early Warning

In this paper,according to the Fujian Seismic Network earthquake catalog records,the T now method and the Four Stations Continuous Location method( hereinafter called FSCL)put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations of each seismic event. Results show that for earthquakes within the network,both methods can obtain similar location results and location deviations are small for the majority of the events. For earthquakes outside the network,the location deviation may be amplified as the epicentral distance increases,owing to the seismic station distribution which spread toward the side of the epicenter and the small opening angle between seismic stations used for locating and epicenter. For the FSCL method,the impacts of the wave velocity on the location results may be significant for earthquakes outside the network.Thus,selecting a velocity model which is similar to the actual structure of the wave velocity will contribute to improving location results of earthquakes. The FSCL method can locate more seismic events than the T now method. It concludes that the T now method makes use of mistake information from some non-triggering stations in earthquake catalog,and some P-wave arrivals are not included in the earthquake catalog due to discontinuous records or unclear records of the seismic phase,which induces incorrect location.

Spectrum Deviation Method of Identification of Foreshocks or Generalized Foreshocks and Its Applications

Based on previous research work,we present a spectrum deviation method to recognize a foreshock or generalized foreshock in this paper. The criterion to determine whether an event is a foreshock is a wide spectrum for an ordinary event,however,a moderate earthquake with foreshock or generalized foreshock has the characteristics of a narrow frequency band,and it deviates to the low frequency. It may be explained by metastable extension in the rupture source or related area of the main shock or regional fragmentation damage and crack nucleation process. The calculation results of two foreshocks,the M_S4. 7 event which occurred before the Yushu M_S7. 1 earthquake on April 14,2010 and the M_S5. 3 event which occurred before the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake on February 12,2014,show that the spectra of foreshocks shift,and they are quite different from the nonforeshock seismic spectrum of equivalent size. Therefore,this result can verify the validity of the spectrum deviation method.

Attributional Styles in Adolescents with Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia

This study focused on the way that Adolescents with Transfusion- dependent thalassemia explained negative or positive events in their life （Attributional Styles）. It is defined by three dimensions describing the cognitive appraisal of the events： internal-external, stable-unstable, and global-specific. With cross-sectional research design, the observations consist of 102 adolescents （48 males, 54 females） who diagnosed with Transfusion-dependent thalassemia （more than 50 times for blood transfusions） completed the measure of Attributional Styles and Anxiety Questionnaires. The correlations in the predicted directions among variables examine with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, t-test, and One-way ANOVA to ascertain a significant between the group differences on attributional factors and levels of anxiety symptoms. The results show that Adolescent samples with higher levels of anxiety revealed statistically significant relationship among three negative attributional dimensions （overall composite F = 4.5, p 〈 0.05; negative composite F = 4.99, p 〈 0.01; negative-internality F = 4.99 p 〈 0.01; negative-stability F = 3.42, p 〈 0.05 and negative-globality F = 3.77, p 〈 0.05）. In addition, significant age- group differences were found for the total negative-globality （t = 2.05, p 〈 0.05） and negative- globality （t = -2.22, p 〈 0.05）. These data are consistent with the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression. In finding, the individuals who attribute negative life events to internal, stable, and global causes will be more vulnerable to anxiety than those who make external, unstable, and specific attributions. Most interestingly, those adolescents more than 17 years evidence more negative-globality attfibutional style than group less than 16 years, and female adolescents may influence this pattern. These results suggest that targeting Adolescents with Transfusion-dependent thalassemia may be important for improving aspect of coping on psychological adjustment to their chronic illness.

High accuracy NMO correction and application for VTI media

It is difficult for normal moveout(NMO)correction of shallow long offset of vertical transversely isotropic medium,as seismic event after conventional NMO correction experienced strong stretching and distortion due to interleaving of signal.Even using higher order non-hyperbolic NMO correction,it still cannot get the right results.This paper aims to improve the accuracy of NMO correction.Based on the analysis of conventional NMO correction method and previous optimization move-out equation,we use longitudinal optimization method to correct seismic event.The results of the theoretical model and the real data show that our method can completely remove NMO stretching and greatly improve correction accuracy.

The predictability of atmospheric and oceanic motions:Retrospect and prospects

This paper reviews the historic understanding of the predictability of atmospheric and oceanic motions, and interprets it in a general framework. On this basis, the existing challenges and unsolved problems in the study of the intrinsic predictability limit(IPL) of weather and climate events of different spatio-temporal scales are summarized. Emphasis is also placed on the structure of the initial error and model parameter errors as well as the associated targeting observation issue. Finally, the predictability of atmospheric and oceanic motion in the ensemble-probabilistic methods widely used in current operational forecasts are discussed.The necessity of considering IPLs in the framework of stochastic dynamic systems is also addressed.

Using CMIP5 model outputs to investigate the initial errors that cause the “spring predictability barrier” for El Nio events

Most ocean-atmosphere coupled models have difficulty in predicting the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） when starting from the boreal spring season. However, the cause of this spring predictability barrier （SPB） phenomenon remains elusive. We investigated the spatial characteristics of optimal initial errors that cause a significant SPB for E1 Nifio events by using the monthly mean data of the pre-industrial （PI） control runs from several models in CMIP5 experiments. The results indicated that the SPB-related optimal initial errors often present an SST pattern with positive errors in the central-eastern equatorial Pa- cific, and a subsurface temperature pattern with positive errors in the upper layers of the eastern equatorial Pacific, and nega- tive errors in the lower layers of the western equatorial Pacific. The SPB-related optimal initial errors exhibit a typical La Ni- fia-like evolving mode, ultimately causing a large but negative prediction error of the Nifio-3.4 SST anomalies for El Nifio events. The negative prediction errors were found to originate from the lower layers of the western equatorial Pacific and then grow to be large in the eastern equatorial Pacific. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the E1 Nifio predictions may be most sensitive to the initial errors of temperature in the subsurface layers of the western equatorial Pacific and the Nifio-3.4 region, thus possibly representing sensitive areas for adaptive observation. That is, if additional observations were to be preferentially deployed in these two regions, it might be possible to avoid large prediction errors for E1 Nifio and generate a better forecast than one based on additional observations targeted elsewhere. Moreover, we also confirmed that the SPB-related optimal initial errors bear a strong resemblance to the optimal precursory disturbance for E1 Nifio and La Nifia events. This indicated that im- provement of the observation network by additional observations in the identified sensitive areas would also be helpful in de- tecting the signals provided by the precursory disturbance, which may greatly improve the ENSO prediction skill.

VARIABLE SELECTION FOR RECURRENT EVENT DATA WITH INFORMATIVE CENSORING

Recurrent events data with a terminal event （e.g., death） often arise in clinical and ob- servational studies. Variable selection is an important issue in all regression analysis. In this paper, the authors first propose the estimation methods to select the significant variables, and then prove the asymptotic behavior of the proposed estimator. Furthermore, the authors discuss the computing algorithm to assess the proposed estimator via the linear function approximation and generalized cross validation method for determination of the tuning parameters. Finally, the finite sample estimation for the asymptotical covariance matrix is also proposed.