纳西东巴文构形分类研究的探讨

纳西东巴文字较早获得了世界各地学者专家关注,但对东巴文进行字本位的研究却是近几十年来的事。近年来,国内学者对东巴文造字方式、结构类型的研究已经取得了一定的成果,其中,方国瑜先生的"十书"、王元鹿先生的"五书"以及喻遂生先生的"六书"自成系统,且影响广泛。本文在简介东巴文构形分类研究领域中影响较广的三种分类体系基础上,归纳、总结前人对东巴文构形方式分类的不足之处,旨在为纳西东巴文整个文字体系进行造字方式研究与结构类型的分类研究指明方向、奠定基础。

东巴经典中零星哥巴文的存在方式和作用

对哥巴文的研究,前人多以字典或成本的哥巴文经典作为研究对象,忽略了东巴经典中的零星哥巴文。从《纳西东巴古籍译注全集》来看,东巴经典中的零星哥巴文,有多种存在方式,有独特的使用场合和作用,为哥巴文发生、发展研究提供了线索和依据。

浅论东巴文经典中的零星哥巴文

对哥巴文的研究，前人多以字典或成本的哥巴文经典作为研究对象，忽略了东巴经典中的零星哥巴文。本文以（（纳西东巴古籍译注全集》为研究材料，探讨东巴经典中的零星哥巴文，进而了解其存在方式、地位、作用等，并进一步探讨语言的发展趋势及哥巴文的产生契机。

Projection of future streamflow of the Hunza River Basin,Karakoram Range(Pakistan)using HBV hydrological model

Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdeling(HBV) Light model was used to evaluate the performance of the model in response to climate change in the snowy and glaciated catchment area of Hunza River Basin. The study aimed to understand the temporal variation of streamflow of Hunza River and its contribution to Indus River System(IRS). HBV model performed fairly well both during calibration(R2=0.87, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=-0.36) and validation(R2=0.86, Reff=0.83, PBIAS=-13.58) periods on daily time scale in the Hunza River Basin. Model performed better on monthly time scale with slightly underestimated low flows period during bothcalibration(R2=0.94, Reff=0.88, PBIAS=0.47) and validation(R2=0.92, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=15.83) periods. Simulated streamflow analysis from 1995-2010 unveiled that the average percentage contribution of snow, rain and glacier melt to the streamflow of Hunza River is about 16.5%, 19.4% and 64% respectively. In addition, the HBV-Light model performance was also evaluated for prediction of future streamflow in the Hunza River using future projected data of three General Circulation Model(GCMs) i.e. BCC-CSM1.1, CanESM2, and MIROCESM under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 and predictions were made over three time periods, 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099, using 1980-2010 as the control period. Overall projected climate results reveal that temperature and precipitation are the most sensitiveparameters to the streamflow of Hunza River. MIROC-ESM predicted the highest increase in the future streamflow of the Hunza River due to increase in temperature and precipitation under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios from 2010-2099 while predicted slight increase in the streamflow under RCP2.6 during the start and end of the 21 th century. However, BCCCSM1.1 predicted decrease in the streamflow under RCP8.5 due to decrease in temperature and precipitation from 2010-2099. However, Can ESM2 predicted 22%-88% increase in the streamflow under RCP4.5 from 2010-2099. The results of this study could be useful for decision making and effective future strategic plans for water management and their sustainability in the region.

Primary Breast Lymphoma （PBL）： A Literature Review

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare disease. It is mainly found in female patients, the right breast in more frequently involved. The majority of PBL are diagnosed by biopsy or post- operative pathological findings. The combined therapy regimen, the main part of which is CHOP chemotherapy, is the main stream. Radical surgery is to be avoided.

Consumption and Culture： Understanding the Shaping of the New Brazilian Middle Class

In a recent historical process of economic stabilization and of social policies focused on the disadvantaged, major changes in the composition of the Brazilian social pyramid are happening. Driven by the increase of employment and income, in conditions of low inflation and abundant credit, millions of Brazilians have increased in recent years their purchasing power and started to acquire their own home and car--gaudiest symbols of joining the middle class--as well as a wide range of consumer goods. It appears that this set of transformations profoundly altered the perceptions and strategies of social mobility. So this phenomenon is being called the shaping of the new Brazilian middle class. The fact is that there is a group growing, sustained mainly by a decrease in income inequality. In this study, we attempted to draw a clear overview and some disagreements about the emergence of a new Brazilian middle class. On the topic of the emergence of a new Brazilian middle class, one can say that it is not a completely true fact, and that there was actually an expansion of the income of families who still harbor extreme ties with the working classes and why not, popular classes. What to some scholars would be the emergence of a new working class, whose average income is approaching the middle income of what is considered as the lower middle class？

Culture, Violence, and the Female Body： The Practice of Nholowemwizana Custom as a Form of Cultural Violence Amongst the Kalanga Women of Mpalawali Area in Zimbabwe

This paper is based on the interviews that the author carried out between 2005 and 2006 on the Nholowemwizana custom in Plumtree, Zimbabwe. Here the author deploys the concept of cultural violence following the peace researcher Johan Galtung, who suggested speaking of cultural violence as aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science （Galtung, 1969, pp. 167-191）. Using the example of the Nholowemwizana custom among the Kalanga people, the paper will highlight the extent to which women in this society have been exposed to cultural, gender based violence and direct sexual violence. However literature on Nholowemwizana is scarce in Zimbabwe. As such the paper will borrow from literature on cultural violence in general. The paper also acknowledges the fact that not all culture is violent, and that in some certain aspects of culture that permit gender based violence especially in African societies. The starting point for this paper is the question of what role cultural arguments have played in the abuse of women through the Nholowemwizana custom.

Great Powers and Albanian National Movement （1878-1914）

The history of the Albanian national movement is closely connected with two key factors： internal development in the Albanian-populated areas in the Balkans as well as politics of the Great Powers. Berlin Congress of 1878 totally neglected interests of the Albanians. Subsequently, Treaty of Berlin became the starting point for creation of the Albanian League of Prizren （1878-1881） as well as future development of the Albanian national movement. Russia as well as other Great Powers played a controversial role in that context.

Israel's Image in US and Chinese Media:Discrepancies and Causes

Israel's image is positive in Chinese media, which focuses on China-Israel cooperation and Israel's economy, history culture, science and technology. The image is of a culture-rich nation with a tough ethnic nature and powerful science and technology facets. In US media, Israel's image is negative, with the focus on political polarization, social and racial fragmentation, conflict with Palestine, and deterioration in foreign relations. Chinese and US media have totally opposite directions in topic focus and value identification.

The Biophobia of Satan’s Bunny： The Influence of Horror Films in Contemporary Brazilian Literature

In the course, FTV 201A： MEDIA INDUSTRIES and CULTURES of PRODUCTION： FOUNDATIONS, we discussed how to think the philosophy and thoughts that surround people who produce and work in the culture of production and media. That way, the purpose of this work is to think the use of post-horror label as a marketing strategy in the context of Brazilian contemporary literature and cinema. For that, I map the profile of three Brazilian writers： Santiago Nazarian, Antonio Xerxenesky, and Raphael Montes. They are published now by Companhia das Letras, the largest publisher in Brazil, which has an extensive work with the horror literature, having the exclusivity of Stephen King’s books. In addition, all three circulate differently in the media space, standing between an acceptance of academic criticism and the prestige of large-scale consumer audiences. I analyzed what are the writer strategies to construct their image and establish themselves in the literary market using the Post-horror label and its relation with the production company, RT Features, which is financing them. In the end, I did a critical analyzes of the post-horror label as a transmedia strategy to construct an author’s name.

Violated Rights, Censured Memories： Histories of Violated Human Rights in Brazil and in the Southern Cone

This research aims to analyse the contents of Fundo Clamor, located at the Documentation and Scientific Information Centre--CEDIC, from the Pontifical Catholic University of S~_o Paulo--SP, between the years of 1970 and 1992, as well as its contribution to the process of rescuing historical memory of child and teenager abduction, imprisonment, and torture in the course of military dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The methodology used in this descriptive and qualitative research intends to take two directions： a bibliographical and a descriptive analytic documental research. Through the consultation and analysis of documents from Fundo Clamor （correspondence, denunciations, bulletins, and leaflets from Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo, reports, writs of habeas corpus, pieces of reportage, and files from clandestine detention centres and on enforced disappearances）, a compilation will be made with information regarding the disappearance of children and the imprisonment and/or abduction of pregnant militants in an attempt to describe the situation of apprehension and incarceration, the historical context, and the repression forces involved in the operation of arrest, kidnapping and/or torture of militants, children, and teenagers. Besides this heritage, a documental research will be made at Terror Archives, the Centre for Documentation and Archives for the Defence of Human Rights （CDyA） of Paraguay Supreme Justice Court, which contains a register of Alfredo Stroessner＇s thirty-five-year-long military dictatorship in Paraguay. The main argument in this research states that the archives from the Committee for the Defence of Refugees Human Rights from the Southern Cone, available at Fundo Clamor, contribute significantly to the rescue of historical memory from the dictatorial period and to the achievement of complete citizenship in these countries, considering that Brazil was the protagonist of the National Security Doctrine implantation process in South America.

Chin ese Local Operas Fascinate Parisians

The Second Chinese Theatre Festival took place in the winter of 2005 in Paris, France. The event, organized by China Cultural Center in Paris, has seen six local opera troupes from Hebei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, showing to Parisians scores of traditional programs of Chinese operas. Chinese theatric art is not novel to French people. Over past decades in the history of modern China, Chinese opera masters, in particular, Peking opera singers, visited Paris many times and made traditional Chinese opera known to French people. For example, when visiting Paris half the century ago, master Cheng Yanqiu gave lectures on Peking opera, the first Chinese opera genre that was introduced to French people.

Philosophy and Fiction Tattoo of the Counter-culture Crossing the Brazilian Dictatorship

This paper seeks to explore connections between some philosophical concepts and the movie Tattoo （Brazil, 2013）, directed by Hilton Lacerda. This movie approaches the Slash movies, a kind of Brazilian movies that use the humor and the mockery as ways of resistance to interrogate political, philosophical, and moral questions. The concepts of fabulation and the potency of the false will be thought in its connections with the Arts to think the force of this movie with its experimental characteristics （sound, image, performance...） in touching ethics, political, and social problems of the past and update them to think the Brazilian contemporary society. We also want to point out the possibilities of this movie operating a micro-political resistance, using the humor and irony as tools to cause effects in the reality. In Tattoo, the violence （and, the oppression itself） is fought by the tasting and experimentation of another culture providing other ways of life, enabling other effectuations and desires, even if the sanction was going to repress.

Argentina and Brazil： Laws as Mediators of Social Identities

The research is a brief analysis of recent legislation in Argentina about the intangible heritage and its relationship with Brazilian instruments. This is a study about links between the two laws and their touch points and their differences. It will be seen that the legislative actions follow a common sense but are targeted for different acts of management of cultural heritage. We will be able to observe how legislation, whether it is Argentine or Brazilian, works as a mediator between the reclaiming of heritage （as in the acknowledgement of cultural practices） and the government actions towards cultural heritage. This shows that Argentina, despite not creating specific federal legislation regarding intangible cultural heritage, is aware of the need to preserve the cultural events that belong in this category of heritage

An Analysis on the Consequences of the Ideological and Cultural Revolution

The paper analyses a special moment-a so-called ＂revolutionar＂ campaign that was undertaken in all fields： social, cultural and religious ones in the contemporary history of Albania. And exactly, it analyses the dramatic turn undertaken by the dictatorial communist regime during the years of 1966-1969. As a result, in period of few years, Albanian was transformed into the only atheist country in the world, because since November 13, 1967, the religious activities were banned and this situation lasted until 1976 from the constitutional point of view.

Comparison of Beer Quality Produced Using Malt from Kosovo and Other Countries

Aiming to optimize the beer production process by improving the properties of beer and reducing production costs at the J.S.C. ＂Birra Peja＂ brewery, Peja, Kosovo, this study did an evaluation of beer produced using six different malts. Four of the six studied malts were produced in four European countries： Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo; and, the other two malts were obtained from two （2） 30：70 proportion mixtures： one from Kosovo and Ukraine and another one from Kosovo and Croatia. Chemical, microbiological, sensory and tasting analyses were carried on beers produced by these malts. The study included three working groups from： ＂Birra Peja＂; the Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania and ＂Union Brewery＂, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Chemical and microbiological tests were based on methods under the EBC （European Beer Convention） and MEBAK （Mitteleurop^iische Brautechnische Analysenkommision e.V.） guidelines. The analyses and assessments made for the quality of beer have come to the conclusion that beer produced by Croatian origin malt corresponds to a better quality beer.

Fluctuation of Mite Fauna Associated to Rice Culture （Oryza sativa L.： Poales, Poaceae） in Two Regions in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This survey had the aim to identify the mite fauna and mite ecologic interaction in rice culture, harvest 2010-2011, in Taquari and Cachoeirinha Counties, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The mite population was biweekly evaluated on IRGA 424 and INTA PUITA CL cultivars in four areas where randomly sampled 20 plants/area. Fluctuation, ecologic indices and correlation between species and environmental factors were calculated. A total of 1,626 mites belonging to 14 species from 12 families were collected. Of the total specimens collected, 34.56% was on IRGA 424, in Taquari, 32.47% on IRGA 424-120 and 28.35% on IRGA 424-60, in Cachoeirinha and 4.61% on 1NTA PUIT,g, CL, in Taquari. Family Ascidae showed great richness, with four species, Lasioseius sp., Lasioseius sp., Proctolaelaps sp. and Cheiroseius sp.. Schizotetranychus oryzae Rossi de Simons （86.65%） was the phytophagous mite more abundant, while among the predators Neoseiulus paraibensis （Moraes and McMurtry） （6.88%） stood out. The population peaks of S. oryzae and N. paraibensis happened on March 2011. In all evaluated areas, the correlation between S. oryzae and N. paraibensis was positive, specially on IRGA 424-120 （r = 0.93, P = 0.006）.

Prostate adenocarcinoma with unusual first presentation – A case report

Prostate adenocarcinoma most often metastasis to the bones of spine and pelvis.Metastasis to the supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes as uncommon presentation of this disease has been increasingly reported.Here we reported a 61years old man with prostatic adenocarcinoma who presented with generalized lymphadenopathy.

Challenges Facing Zimbabwean Cross Border Traders Trading in South Africa： A Review of Literature

Cross border traders make a major contribution to the growth of economies in Southern Africa. Cross border trade is a source of livelihood for many poor people, especially women. However, few studies examined challenges facing cross border traders and future business prospects.The aim of this paper is to examine the challenges that face Zimbabwean cross border traders in South Africa. The paper goes further to review existing literature as well as empirical studies in order to identify the major challenges that face Zimbabwean cross border traders. Among the challenges noted are crime, harassment due to xenophobia, traders are often stigmatized as ＂prostitutes＂ or ＂smugglers＂, accommodation problems, extortion and bribery by the South African Police and municipal police officials, delays at the border post during peak periods and banks that close early and also do not operate on Sundays. The Zimbabwean Cross Border Traders Association should build office in Musina and Johannesburg so that members can easily consult with the association in times of problems and also help with marketing information like distribution of brochures showcasing Zimbabwean products sold by cross border traders and also organize fairs where Zimbabwean traders can display their products. Furthermore cases of harassment by police officials should be investigated and dealt with. Banks that do have branches at the border posts are also urged to provide 24 hour service to cross border traders.

Plasmablastic lymphoma of the small intestine:Case report and literature review

Plasmablastic lymphoma(PBL) is a rare aggressive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder,which has been characterized by the World Health Organization as a new entity.Although PBL is most commonly seen in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive patients,it can also be seen in extraoral sites in immunocompromised patients who are HIV-negative.Here we present a rare case of PBL of the small intestine in a 55-year-old HIV-negative male.Histopathological examination of the excisional lesion showed a large cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation diffusely infiltrating the small intestine and involving the surrounding organs.The neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for CD79a,CD138 and CD10 and partly positive for CD38 and epithelial membrane antigen.Approximately 80% of the tumor cells were positive for Ki-67.A monoclonal rearrangement of the kappa light chain gene was demonstrated.The patient died approximately 1.5 mo after diagnosis in spite of receiving two courses of the CHOP chemotherapy regimen.In a review of the literature,this is the first case report of PBL with initial presentation in the small intestine without HIV and Epstein-Barr virus infection,and a history of hepatitis B virus infection and radiotherapy probably led to the iatrogenic immunocompromised state.