再谈币系

《新疆钱币》2000年第2期重刊拙文《古代硬币的四大体系》，引起了一些币友的热情关注和反响。所以想再写几句。

从崛起走向腾飞——神奇而遥远的古代金银币

我们只要看一看公元前450年希腊雅典4德拉克马银币、公元前200年罗马共和时代狄纳里银币图案，就该知道金银作为货币的历史是多么的悠久!

Design of intelligent distinguishing system for slot machine based on PLC

Due to the emergence of a large number of counterfeit notes and incomplete coins in the slot machine of self-service bus, to improve the automization of intelligent slot machine, based on multi-sensor testing technology, using programming log- ic controller （PLC） as the core of the whole system, the PLC hardware design and software design are accomplished for the first time to detect the counterfeit notes and coins. The system was tested by many groups of experiments. The results show that the system has reliable recognition rate, good flexibility and stability, reaching the accuracy of 97%.

Currency Systems and Their Role in Entering and Leaving the Economic Crisis

The paper focuses on a comparison of two contrasting approaches： having a single universal currency in a given fiscal area or supporting a concurrent presence of more competing currencies of different types. A systemic analysis （based on studying both conventional and unorthodox literature） of the modern monetary system points out that the very type of money that is used suffers internal errors that make a crisis inevitable. The indebtedness is systemic and unavoidable in a currency that is issued as a liability. Parallel currencies are proposed as a general solution. A specific solution, including a redefined national currency, is offered too, with an outline of its possible experimental verification. Such a system could help to prevent the next economic crisis, mitigate it, or at least facilitate its leaving. The paper also deals with criticism that is held against the idea of concurrent currencies.

An Efficient Fair Electronic Cash System

In this paper, an efficient fair e-cash system is presented. Based on the improved Brands’ e-cash scheme, it is expanded by adding two roles, government and judges. The user can keep unconditionally anonymous in normal transactions. Authorized by the judges, the government can remove the identity of an illegal user with the help of the bank. So such misuse as blackmailing or money laundering can be prevented. Therefore, this scheme is more efficient, more suitable for adopting pre-processing and post-processing and more practical. In the paper, the details of the scheme are described, its security is proved, and its efficiency is analyzed.

A Fair E-Cash Scheme Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography

A new fair off-line electronic cash scheme on elliptic curve cryptography was presented. The new scheme is more efficient than those by extending fair off-line electronic cash scheme from finite field into elliptic curve cryptography and introducing a new elliptic curve discrete logarithm assumption. The expiry date and denomination are embedded into the blindly signed coin by integrating partially blind signature with restrictive blind signature. A bank need not use different public keys for different coin values, shops and users need not carry a list of bank’s public keys to verify in their electronic wallet. At the same time, the bank just needs to keep undue electronic coins for double spending check in his database, thus bank’s database can be dramatically reduced.

Interest and profit

This paper argues that it is important to distinguish between the real rate of interest on money and the profitability of business enterprise. The former is a purely financial or monetary phenomenon （as claimed by Keynes） and the latter is in the nature of a surplus over and above the costs of production, including financing costs. There is an inverse relationship between the real rate of interest on money and the average mark-up or profit share. A synthetic theory of profit illustrates these points.

Anonymity control in electronic check systems

Electronic check systems, as one of electronic payment systems, are more desirable than other electronic cash systems. In the system, only a single cheek is used to pay any price that is not more than the face value. The main problem in check systems is to design an efficient refund mechanism that makes refired cheeks undistinguished from initial checks during payment and deposit. The problem of anonymity control also called fairmess is also an important issue in check systelns. All check systems yet are unconditional anonymity that opens the door to misuse for crime such as laundering and blackmailing. In this paper, the notion of anonylnity revocation is introduced to electronic check system for the fitst thne, and a model of fair electronic check system is proposed. An effieient fair online electronic check system with reusable refund is presented. In the system, a passive trustee is elnployed to revoke the anonymity of unhonest users. Moreover, the system solves the reusability problem of refunds thanks to the RSA-based partially signature. The system is efficient and meets all basic security requirements.

Andreev Reflection of Pseudo-Correlated Pairs Electrons in the System ＂Superconductor-Fluctuation Superconductor-Superconductor＂

In the article, the Josephson system ＂Superconductor-Fluctuation Superconductor-Superconductor＂, consisting of a combination of superconductors with a fluctuation superconductor was considered. The possibility of transformation of the superconducting （Cooper） pairs in psevdocorrelated （fluctuation） of a pair of electrons is shown, and vice versa, the fluctuation pairs in the Cooper pairs in such a Josephson system. The characteristic features of the Andreev reflection of the weakly bound electron, which is part of the fluctuation pairs in the interface ＂fluctuation superconductor-superconductor＂ with a probability of forming a pair of ＂Electron-Hole＂ and the generation of psevdocorrelated pair discussed. The probability of formation of two correlated superconducting electron pairs, forming original cluster with a charge 4e, in the interface ＂Fluctuation Superconductor-Superconductor＂ as a result of transmutation of the reflected hole into an electron or subjection Andreev reflection of both electrons of fluctuation pairs is viewed. The above processes may be useful for better understanding the fluctuation effects in superconducting materials which appear at temperatures above the critical value.

Improving the efficiency of quantum hash function by dense coding of coin operators in discrete-time quantum walk

Li et al. first proposed a quantum hash function(QHF) in a quantum-walk architecture. In their scheme, two two-particle interactions, i.e., I interaction and π-phase interaction are introduced and the choice of I or π-phase interactions at each iteration depends on a message bit. In this paper, we propose an efficient QHF by dense coding of coin operators in discrete-time quantum walk. Compared with existing QHFs, our protocol has the following advantages: the efficiency of the QHF can be doubled and even more; only one particle is enough and two-particle interactions are unnecessary so that quantum resources are saved. It is a clue to apply the dense coding technique to quantum cryptographic protocols, especially to the applications with restricted quantum resources.

Partners, Institutions and International Currencies： The International Political Foundations for the Rise of the Renminbi

The use of an intemational currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies--the pound, dollar, euro and yen--show that a strong partner network and a favorable international institutional environment are the two major political foundations for the formation of a stable international currency. The rise of the renminbi, as a late starter looking to become a major international currency, depends not only on the requisite economic conditions but on governmental diplomacy aimed at attracting more monetary cooperation partners and creating international institutions that support its worldwide use. This strategy reinforces the political foundations for the rise of the renminbi. Building a network of partners supporting the renminbi as an international currency and creating a system of international monetary institutions are the real tests of the issuing country＇s political leadership. This political leadership capacity has three dimensions： public trust founded on reputation building; a centripetal force driven by provision of benefits; and coercive force applied through sanctions. Comparatively speaking, the renminbi is still in the early stage of its ascent, so the development of its political infrastructure should concentrate mainly on gaining public trust through reputation-building and employing centripetal force involving provision of benefits.

REFORMS TAKE SHAPE

In his government work report,Premier Li Keqiang vowed to deepen the reform of the financial sector in 2016.It includes efforts to improve the financial regulatory system,further liberalize interest rates and improve the market-based mechanism for setting the yuan exchange rate.