从日元国际化的经验教训看人民币国际化

人民币国际化问题日益成为关注的焦点。近些年来,人民币国际化步伐进一步加快,从人民币结算试点、上海国际金融中心建设到中国-东盟自由贸易区的建成,人民币正稳步向国际化目标迈进。作为一个与我国在社会文化、对外贸易、国际地位等方面有着诸多相似点的国家,日本为推进日元国际化所做出的努力值得借鉴,同时日元国际化的深刻教训也值得我们好好总结。

Regional Allocation of CO_2 Intensity Reduction Targets Based on Cluster Analysis

To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups axe assigned the highest reduction targets （55% and 65%, respectively）. However, their reduction potent!al is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets （48% and 61%, respectively）, but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target （54%）, and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target （49%）. However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation.

Market-Based Solutions to Overcapacity：Principles and Measures

This paper takes stock of theoretical economic analyses of overcapacity,reveals the factors that induce actual capacity to deviate from market equilibrium, examines market-based mechanisms to resolve overcapacity, and identifies long-term mechanisms and assurances for market-based solutions to overcapacity. Given the limitations of market mechanism and the government's role, neither the market nor the government is able to resolve the problem of overcapacity on its own. In resolving overcapacity, market and the government should play their respective roles rather than replace one another. While the market is a dominant force in regulating capacity and achieving supply and demand equilibrium, the government should provide institutional assurances for effective market operation. Market-based solutions to overcapacity require the government to provide institutional assurances and create a system where market entities decide to enter and exit the market under effective restraints and incentives with a clear boundary.

The analysis of the development and utilization of personnel archive information resources

Navigated by the forces of the market economy mechanism, the development and utilization of human resources is key to guaranteeing the operation of public institutions .The personnel archive is a record of one＇s main experiences and performances, thus playing a vital role in the process of developing talents .This article mainly make an analysis of the main role and status of personnel archive information and the main means and contents of talents development.

Development of Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Process

Knowledge has become one of the most important driving forces for business success. Organizations are becoming more knowledge intensive. Many firms in the global market are aware of this, and they try to explore the field of knowledge management （KM） in order to improve and sustain their competitiveness. Knowledge has always been the central in the functioning of society. However, in today＇s ＂knowledge economy＂, organizations are increasingly aware of the need for a ＂knowledge focus＂ in their organizational strategies as they respond to changes in the environment. The aim of this paper is to describe the theoretical concepts and approaches of KM process that could be implemented in organizations by reviewing KM process theories and present suggestions for what a general process should include based on analysis of various models presented in KM. The main emphasis is laid upon the concept of goal definition review, validation, and knowledge training processes in order to make sure that KM process initiative will deliver competitive advantage to the organization.

Analysis and Reflection about Necessity and Feasibility of corporate tax planning

Corporate tax planning is both an inevitable outcome of the market economy and an inevitable result of profit-driven enterprise. Through tax planning, companies can not only regulate their production and business activities, but also correctly handle the relationship between enterprise and government., The basic principles of corporate tax planning, including compliance law and consolidated financial capability, the security of national tax law and the both theory and practice of home and abroad corporate tax planning carry out the feasibility of providing guaranteed.

Economic Impact of Internet in China

This paper examines the current status of Internet development in China; analyzes its contributions to Chinese economy from the perspective of economic structural changes, IT industry development, E-commerce, productivity growth, foreign investment, and labor market, etc.; suggests its direction in terms of government policy orientations; and proposes strategies toward greater success of Internet in China. To promote economic growth, it is important for Chinese government to establish sturdy e-environments to enable its industries to compete in the global economy and to bring about a greater cohesion within its societies.

Externalities, Floating Population and Spatial Agglomeration

With the further development of socialist market economy, the mobility of factor markets in China, especially the labor market, is strengthened. Externalities interacts with the agglomeration of productive factors. Under the framework of new economic geography, this article presents a theoretical model involving the endogenous population density affected by urban externalities. Results show that the population density is more concentrated around the center because the degree and extent of interaction between individuals intensifies when the distance from the center decreases. When there are several externalities resources, the aggregation of externalities changes the configuration of spatial factor allocation. These results fit well with the empirical facts about the decreasing density of floating population along the cities of Guangzhou, Dongguan and Shenzhen in Guangdong Province which is situated in the eastern coast of the Pearl River Delta. We fred that under the impacts of externalities released from Hong Kong into the coast, floating population was more concentrated around Shenzhen and Dongguan, which are more adjacent to Hong Kong compared with Guangzhou City.

The Role of New Retailing Formats in the Italian Local Development

In Italy, and particularly in its southern area, super-markets and hyper-markets still represent an expanding retailing format, as they were introduced years later than in other western countries. Today, they have become large retailers capable of influencing local development from an economic, social and urban perspective. The literature concerned with their effects on the local economy has focused on labour markets, price dynamics, and inter-type competition, neglecting their impact on macroeconomic factors such as GDP, value added specific sectors--agriculture, industry and services. This study tries to contribute to fill this gap by empirically investigating associations between key characteristics of these retailers and specific macroeconomic value added factors

Tas the Lewisian Turning Point Arrived in China？- An Empirical Study of China＇s Dual Economy Transition in Labor Market Based on Data of 284 Cities

Labor shortage and the rise of wages in China have generated heated debate on the arrival of the Lewisian Turning Point. Based on an empirical study of macroeconomic data for 284 prefecture-level cities, this paper argues that the dual economy transition in China involves the coexistence of urbanization, industrialization and open economy. However, China has not yet arrived at the Lewisian Turning Point, because wage gaps between different industries and regions still exist and surplus labor is still being attracted to the labor-intensive manufacturing and tertiary industries in the eastern provinces. External economic shock and the mismatch between industrialization and urbanization are the primary causes of the coexistence of labor surplus and labor shortage.

Driving Forces of Private Equity Investment in China： Case Studies of Private Entrepreneurship

In search of private equity investment opportunities in China, one would be astonished by the rise of raw private entrepreneurship in this largest emerging market economy in the world. The country is experiencing a transition from a planned, socialist economy to a market or mixed economy. The emergence of a significant private sector is one of the most important developments of the market-oriented reforms in China over the last quarter of a century. It is true that the transformation of public ownership into private ownership indeed gave a rise to the new private enterprises. Nevertheless, there is also an origination process of genuine private enterprises parallel to this privatization approach. In this paper, the concept of raw entrepreneurship is introduced to distinguish new, green-field private firms from the rest of the private sector that has emerged from older firms that have been converted from SOEs （state-owned enterprises） or COEs （collectively-owned enterprises）. It is also a concept that stresses the highly innovative manner in which private firms have emerged in China. This paper will explore deeply the concept of raw entrepreneurship through three case studies as well as theoretical analysis based on traditional wisdom.

Improving Global Competitive Capability, through Customization： Model, Method and Strategies

As the environment of market competition is rapidly changing, the model of competition also changes consistently. This paper focuses on the changing process of global competition model based on the analysis of production model and its tendency of development, especially analyses the positive effect of mass customization. The paper introduces the concept of market turbulence to decide the occasion of transformation to mass customization for industries/enterprises. Several transformation roadmaps to mass customization and competitive models and strategies are established.

Review on China Power Economy in 2004 and Near-Term Prospects

This paper introduces overall policy and economic environment for power industry in China. Thepolicy environment tends to be favorable, while the economic environment seems worrisome. The latter ismainly due to energy transportation blocking and price escalating. The paper also introduces the performanceand development of listed power companies, and points out that the power stock market is still promising andpower industry is still valuable for investment.

Research on Human Capital and Higher Education Based on the Perspective of Employment of College Students

The status of human capital should match economic development. Researching the unemployment of college students firstly needs to know about the economic development stage and economic structure in China. Employment of college students not only is the problem of unbalanced supply and demand of college students, but also has close relationship with supply-demand relationship of higher education market. Employment of college students has relationship with two markets, education market and labor market, in which higher education supply is middle. For two markets, the decision-making subject make the optimal decision according to the principle that marginal income is equal to marginal cost. Under the specific economic development stage and economic structure in China, the family has greater requirement on higher education in education market, and the supply of higher education is insufficient. For labor market, economic development is difficult to fully absorb the existing college graduates, and the supply of higher education is excess. The imbalance of two markets causes the increase of supply pressure of higher education and idle human resource.

European policies to foster knowledge： The case of the European Social Fund-an introductory study

In recent years the European Union （EU） has struggled to become the leading force in the Knowledge Based Economy （KBE）. For that purpose, the EU defined the so-called ＂Lisbon Strategy＂. Additionally, since the sixties the EU （formerly European Communities （ECs）） invested in human resources and in knowledge using the European Social Fund （ESF）. This research tries to assess analyse critically those ECs＇ and EUs＇ investments in knowledge in the light of the economic analysis of the knowledge market. It concludes that there is evidence that the ESF has been an important provider of knowledge in Europe, contributing to the increase of knowledge levels. However, it could be concluded that the economic consequences of that effort were not assessed properly; therefore, it is not clear what the effects of the investment were. The few studies I found that may base the sort of analysis I want to make point to small, if existing effects of the ESF were small. This in itself is an interesting finding that deserves careful consideration.

Human Resources Development and Migration： New Potential Determinants for Monetary Policy

The main objective of the present paper is to determine the potential impact the qualitative and quantitative tendencies in the labor market on the decisions which influence the design of monetary policy worldwide. The analysis is focused on how human resources and phenomena associated with them could influence potential growth and, further on, how they can impact monetary policy decisions at national level for European countries outside the euro area and at ECB level for the euro zone countries. Moreover, the paper will envisage potential macroeconomic reactions （monetary decisions herewith included） to human resources dynamics. The economic variations are regarded through the perspective of growth potential shown by the Research ＆ Development sector and also through the effects of labor force migration. The analysis of statistical data aims at pointing out the different economic perspectives in the European Union, the United States, and Japan, also considering the disparities between EU member states. The analysis is completed by the use of the ranking method, the conclusions stating once more the crucial importance of the human factor in drawing monetary policy decisions

Homophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic AspectsHomophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic Aspects

The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads to lower wages, and it interferes with their promotions and their productivity. The victims of discrimination are often professionally unvalued, and this can cause their eventual lack of growth for both position and salary, notwithstanding their abilities and creativeness would give a great impulse to the economics. In addition to this, the emotional and physical stress linked to （he concealing strategies of people, who are apt to conceal their homosexuality, increases their feelings of discomfort in the labor market. This paper analyzes the relation between sexual orientation and discrimination in the labor market from the theoretical and empirical points of view. It studies the results of a survey carried out in southern Italy and is based on the sample of 200 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender （GLBT） employees.

Factors Influencing Retail Investors＇ Attitude Towards Investing in Equity Stocks： A Study in Tamil Nadu

Research in behavioral finance is comparatively less in India, when compared to other foreign countries. Globalization of financial markets has been increasing the retail investors＇ community over the past two decades by providing a wide variety of market and investment options. However, it makes much more complex in their investment decisions process. This paper aims at identifying the factors influencing the retail investor＇s attitude. This paper develops a modified questionnaire. The average value of the five top highly influential factors according to the sample retail investors＇ were Investors＇ tolerance for risk, strength of the Indian economy, media focus on the stock market, political stability and finally government policy towards business. Four factors were given lowest priority or which had low influence on the attitude of the retail investors investing in equity stocks. Stories of successful investors was considered to be the lowest influencing factors among the four, get rich quick philosophy, information available on internet, cost cutting by companies.

Education and Employment （2005-2009） A Comparative Analysis Between the Spanish and Foreign Working Population

Spain became a net receiver country of a high number of foreigners entering the labour market in the first decade of the 21 st century. The ensuing economic crisis, beginning in 2007, led to the destruction of a large number of companies and jobs. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between educational level, employment and economic activity, in the Spanish and foreign working population in the Spanish labour market and the impact that the economic crisis is having on employment and self-employment. The hypotheses considered have been as followed--HI： The economic crisis mainly affects the less educated working population, both Spanish and foreign; H2： Self-employment is characterized by being an initiative of a working population with low educational levels for both population groups （Spanish and foreign）; H3： Employment is related to the productive economic structure. Micro-data from the Labour Force Survey 2009 （EPA in Spanish） has been used, compiled by Spains National Statistics Office （INE in Spanish）, and it has been applied Multiple Correspondence Analysis （MCA） to detect possible associations among the study variables （nationality, level of education, salaried employment, self-employment and economic activity）. The results show significant differences between both groups： Spanish and foreign working population. The study also shows how the crisis affects employment, and the important role played by the educational level of the working population, especially foreigners employed in certain economic activities.

Corporate Governance Viability： Theoretical Exploration

The purpose of this exploratory paper is to try to envision how corporate governance systems and practices are evolving and what eventually determines the forms they take and the functions they perform. Practical implications especially concern different consequences that recent global economic crisis has imposed on regulatory, business, and social aspects of corporate governance. In order to encompass different approaches to this ongoing issue, the author takes into account mainly theoretical contributions that address the issue from the following perspectives： interrelations between product market competition and corporate governance, assessment of capital market pressures on corporate governance; relation between labour market and corporate governance; and actors influencing corporate governance changes in national systems of corporate governance. Since the viability of any corporate governance system and practice, at national and international levels, depends on their ability to respond to both market pressure towards competitiveness and diversified requirements by influential social, political, and economic actors of change, the author suggests that all groups of factors should continue to be in the focus of future researches. On the other hand, as global economic crisis differently affects different countries and businesses, it is of particular importance for those that shape corporate governance policies and practices to be aware of the deep relatedness between corporate governance, on the one hand, and economic, social, and environmental aspects of growth and development, on the other hand.