Complex international and domestic economic scenarios and the short cyclical nature of macroeconomic policies characterizes the beginning year of the 12th Five- Year Plan period, it reflects the difficult policy choic...Complex international and domestic economic scenarios and the short cyclical nature of macroeconomic policies characterizes the beginning year of the 12th Five- Year Plan period, it reflects the difficult policy choices that arise among three major regulatory targets ,for growth, structure, and prices. In the transitional period of intertwined challenges, a spirit of commitment and dedication to real industries will allow China to occupy vantage points in world manufacturing and become an industrial power in the real sense. To a certain extent the beginning year of the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015）, while.fraught with challenges and pain, marks a departure from cutthroat competition to quality growth for Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. From 2012, China＇s industrial and market economic systems will both head towards more sophisticated stages of development. China ＂s industries will develop along environmentally sustainable, delicate, high-end, IT-based and service-oriented paths, while expediting the country＇s economic restructuring, industrial upgrade capabilities and its pursuit of innovative industrialization, and it will do so with strides more remarkable than ever before in its history.展开更多
The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads...The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads to lower wages, and it interferes with their promotions and their productivity. The victims of discrimination are often professionally unvalued, and this can cause their eventual lack of growth for both position and salary, notwithstanding their abilities and creativeness would give a great impulse to the economics. In addition to this, the emotional and physical stress linked to （he concealing strategies of people, who are apt to conceal their homosexuality, increases their feelings of discomfort in the labor market. This paper analyzes the relation between sexual orientation and discrimination in the labor market from the theoretical and empirical points of view. It studies the results of a survey carried out in southern Italy and is based on the sample of 200 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender （GLBT） employees.展开更多
The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon...The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon from the atmosphere,which has a market value.The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of that carbon,to assess whether that value would be sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the Country Parks,and to compare that value to the costs of alternative ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.To do this,we compare the land cover of 1978,1991,1997 and 2004 using remote sensing,and identify the three predominant land covers(woodlands,scrublands,grasslands) .We then estimate the amount and value of the carbon sequestered by the vegetation and soil of the Country Parks,and compare it to the budget available to the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department to run the Country Parks(HK$234 million in 2009/2010) .We extrapolate our results over 50 years,from 1978 to 2028.We conclude that by 2028 the carbon sequestered would be valued over HK$800 million,but the value of the additional carbon subtracted yearly would only cover approximately 7%of the total budget needed to run the Country Parks.We also conclude that because of the large budget allocated to the Country Parks,alternative methods of carbon sequestration-represented by the EU ETS price of carbon-are much cheaper.展开更多
Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game....Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game. Thus, the attitudes of the players can be endowed with rational thinking, which leads to the conclusion that the use of game theory as a tool to understand such behavior is of great importance. Based on the previous studies, this paper presents a study on the cooperative game theory, discussing the Nash equilibrium in pure and mixed strategies, treating solutions using the minimax John Von Neumarm theorem and illustrating a mathematical modeling of a game theory problem. Furthermore, a solution of linear programming using Microsoft Excel is also proposed and presented. The methodology adopted to model the problem may help students to familiarize themselves to game theory.展开更多
The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that g...The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.展开更多
With the concept of security-spot market or security market with measurable space of agents, which was first given by Zhang （1998, 2000）, we continue to discuss the existence of equilibrium in such large economies. ...With the concept of security-spot market or security market with measurable space of agents, which was first given by Zhang （1998, 2000）, we continue to discuss the existence of equilibrium in such large economies. Under common conditions, we have claimed the existence of equilibrium in incomplete security-spot market with a continuum of traders. Because of the development from complete market to incomplete market, we have not only generalized Aumann＇s results in 1966, but also achieved a breakthrough on researching methods.展开更多
文摘Complex international and domestic economic scenarios and the short cyclical nature of macroeconomic policies characterizes the beginning year of the 12th Five- Year Plan period, it reflects the difficult policy choices that arise among three major regulatory targets ,for growth, structure, and prices. In the transitional period of intertwined challenges, a spirit of commitment and dedication to real industries will allow China to occupy vantage points in world manufacturing and become an industrial power in the real sense. To a certain extent the beginning year of the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015）, while.fraught with challenges and pain, marks a departure from cutthroat competition to quality growth for Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. From 2012, China＇s industrial and market economic systems will both head towards more sophisticated stages of development. China ＂s industries will develop along environmentally sustainable, delicate, high-end, IT-based and service-oriented paths, while expediting the country＇s economic restructuring, industrial upgrade capabilities and its pursuit of innovative industrialization, and it will do so with strides more remarkable than ever before in its history.
文摘The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads to lower wages, and it interferes with their promotions and their productivity. The victims of discrimination are often professionally unvalued, and this can cause their eventual lack of growth for both position and salary, notwithstanding their abilities and creativeness would give a great impulse to the economics. In addition to this, the emotional and physical stress linked to （he concealing strategies of people, who are apt to conceal their homosexuality, increases their feelings of discomfort in the labor market. This paper analyzes the relation between sexual orientation and discrimination in the labor market from the theoretical and empirical points of view. It studies the results of a survey carried out in southern Italy and is based on the sample of 200 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender （GLBT） employees.
文摘The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon from the atmosphere,which has a market value.The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of that carbon,to assess whether that value would be sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the Country Parks,and to compare that value to the costs of alternative ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.To do this,we compare the land cover of 1978,1991,1997 and 2004 using remote sensing,and identify the three predominant land covers(woodlands,scrublands,grasslands) .We then estimate the amount and value of the carbon sequestered by the vegetation and soil of the Country Parks,and compare it to the budget available to the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department to run the Country Parks(HK$234 million in 2009/2010) .We extrapolate our results over 50 years,from 1978 to 2028.We conclude that by 2028 the carbon sequestered would be valued over HK$800 million,but the value of the additional carbon subtracted yearly would only cover approximately 7%of the total budget needed to run the Country Parks.We also conclude that because of the large budget allocated to the Country Parks,alternative methods of carbon sequestration-represented by the EU ETS price of carbon-are much cheaper.
文摘Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game. Thus, the attitudes of the players can be endowed with rational thinking, which leads to the conclusion that the use of game theory as a tool to understand such behavior is of great importance. Based on the previous studies, this paper presents a study on the cooperative game theory, discussing the Nash equilibrium in pure and mixed strategies, treating solutions using the minimax John Von Neumarm theorem and illustrating a mathematical modeling of a game theory problem. Furthermore, a solution of linear programming using Microsoft Excel is also proposed and presented. The methodology adopted to model the problem may help students to familiarize themselves to game theory.
文摘The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.
基金The research is supported by Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning Under the Jourisdiction of Beijing Municipality.
文摘With the concept of security-spot market or security market with measurable space of agents, which was first given by Zhang （1998, 2000）, we continue to discuss the existence of equilibrium in such large economies. Under common conditions, we have claimed the existence of equilibrium in incomplete security-spot market with a continuum of traders. Because of the development from complete market to incomplete market, we have not only generalized Aumann＇s results in 1966, but also achieved a breakthrough on researching methods.
