Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit betwee...Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit between the annual housing demand and supply, squatter housing construction was the major means for shelter of low income families who can not have their place in the housing market as buyers. Squatter houses are located either on the peripheries of the cities or mostly outside of the urban boundaries on public land or illegally subdivided land by creating many physical, social and environmental problems. After 1990＇s, depending on the globalisation wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new elites who have new life styles, the housing capital focused on these group. After 1999 earthquake in Turkey, the fear of possible earthquake has also changed the housing preference as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the lower detached houses. As a consequence of this supply-demand chain, the private housing investment was directed to the gated communities which are isolated settlements with restricted access, so that public spaces are privatised or their use is prohibited or controlled on the edge of the metropoliten cities. These settlements also have physical and social problems. This paper will analyze the change of urban periphery, location and relation with the natural thresholds and the main transportation system of these settlements of Turkey in the light of literature review and some development plans and interview with real estate developers and users.展开更多
The contemporary economic crisis should be considered within the framework of the contradictions created by the neoliberal model that was adopted in the mid-1970s, in the United States and throughout much of the world...The contemporary economic crisis should be considered within the framework of the contradictions created by the neoliberal model that was adopted in the mid-1970s, in the United States and throughout much of the world. The changes in the labor market and new forms of workforce exploitation based on deregulation, the increase of off-shoring, and flexible hiring practices have led to ＂new＂ precarious labor conditions. Due to the crisis, the United States labor market has been characterized by four factors： the increase of the unemployment, the unedited growth of the informal sector, a dramatic increase in precarious labor conditions for all workers, especially young people, minorities, and immigrants, and the increasing wage polarization. However, capitalist profit rates have actually substantially increased due to neoliberal policies and the resulting economic crisis. This situation led to a rise in the overexploitation of labor. It has had subsequent effects on unemployment, informal work, precarious labor conditions, and unequal salary distribution, especially in recently created positions. Increased labor flexibility has changed the typical forms of wage employment, and stable employment has been replaced by temporary and part-time employment usually with low wages and without social security and benefits.展开更多
Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarizati...Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.展开更多
文摘Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit between the annual housing demand and supply, squatter housing construction was the major means for shelter of low income families who can not have their place in the housing market as buyers. Squatter houses are located either on the peripheries of the cities or mostly outside of the urban boundaries on public land or illegally subdivided land by creating many physical, social and environmental problems. After 1990＇s, depending on the globalisation wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new elites who have new life styles, the housing capital focused on these group. After 1999 earthquake in Turkey, the fear of possible earthquake has also changed the housing preference as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the lower detached houses. As a consequence of this supply-demand chain, the private housing investment was directed to the gated communities which are isolated settlements with restricted access, so that public spaces are privatised or their use is prohibited or controlled on the edge of the metropoliten cities. These settlements also have physical and social problems. This paper will analyze the change of urban periphery, location and relation with the natural thresholds and the main transportation system of these settlements of Turkey in the light of literature review and some development plans and interview with real estate developers and users.
文摘The contemporary economic crisis should be considered within the framework of the contradictions created by the neoliberal model that was adopted in the mid-1970s, in the United States and throughout much of the world. The changes in the labor market and new forms of workforce exploitation based on deregulation, the increase of off-shoring, and flexible hiring practices have led to ＂new＂ precarious labor conditions. Due to the crisis, the United States labor market has been characterized by four factors： the increase of the unemployment, the unedited growth of the informal sector, a dramatic increase in precarious labor conditions for all workers, especially young people, minorities, and immigrants, and the increasing wage polarization. However, capitalist profit rates have actually substantially increased due to neoliberal policies and the resulting economic crisis. This situation led to a rise in the overexploitation of labor. It has had subsequent effects on unemployment, informal work, precarious labor conditions, and unequal salary distribution, especially in recently created positions. Increased labor flexibility has changed the typical forms of wage employment, and stable employment has been replaced by temporary and part-time employment usually with low wages and without social security and benefits.
文摘Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.
