Research of data architecture in digital ocean

The characters of marine data, such as multi-source, polymorphism, diversity and large amount, determine their differences from other data. How to store and manage marine data rationally and effectively to provide powerful data support for marine management information system and ＂Digital Ocean＂ prototype system construction is an urgent problem to solve. Different types of system planning data, such as marine resource, marine environment, marine econotny and marine management, and establishing marine data architecture frame with uniform standard are to realize the effective management of all level marine data, such as national marine data, the provincial （municipal） marine data, and meet the need of fundamental information-platform construction.

An Oracle-based Data Management Method for Large Database in CyberCity GIS

An Oracle8i-based approach is proposed to manage the integrated databases oflarge CyberCity. This approach consists of three schemes: ① a special R+-tree index is designed toaccelerate spatial retrieving, in which the bounding boxes of local regions have no intersection andall leaf nodes of the R+-tree (geometry records ) have no repetition; ② different data compressionalgorithms are adopted to compress the digital elevation models, 3D vector models and images, suchas LZ77 lossless compression algorithm for compression of vector data and JPEG compressionalgorithms for texture images; ③ in order to communicate with Oracle8i database, a CyberCity GIS.spatial database engine (SDE) is designed. On the basis of this SDE prototype a case study is done.

A New Method in Urban Planning Based on GIS Technology——Conservation and Rehabilitation Analysis of Xijin Ferry District in Zhenjiang

In this paper, we identify the geographic information systems (GIS), discuss the components of GIS, which integrates five essential components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Present the relations between computer and urban planning, urban planning and GIS. Moreover, the main discussion on a case study that explores the possibility of using ArcView GIS software to assemble, store, manipulate, and analyze historic site- Xinjin ferry district in Zhenjiang.

Design and achievement of cloud geodatabase for a sponge city

Building a cloud geodatabase for a sponge city is crucial to integrate the geospatial information dispersed in various departments for multi-user high concurrent access and retrieval,high scalability and availability,efficient storage and management.In this study,Hadoop distributed computing framework,including Hadoop distributed file system and MapReduce(mapper and reducer),is firstly designed with a parallel computing framework to process massive spatial data.Then,access control with a series of standard application programming interfaces for different functions is designed,including spatial data storage layer,cloud geodatabase access layer,spatial data access layer and spatial data analysis layer.Subsequently,a retrieval model is designed,including direct addressing via file name,three-level concurrent retrieval and block data retrieval strategies.Main functions are realised,including real-time concurrent access,high-performance computing,communication,massive data storage,efficient retrieval and scheduling decisions on the multi-scale,multi-source and massive spatial data.Finally,the performance of Hadoop cloud geodatabases is validated and compared with that of the Oracle database.The cloud geodatabase for the sponge city can avoid redundant configuration of personnel,hardware and software,support the data transfer,model debugging and application development,and provide accurate,real-time,virtual,intelligent,reliable,elastically scalable,dynamic and on-demand cloud services of the basic and thematic geographic information for the construction and management of the sponge city.

Suggestions on the Effective Development of Shale Gas in China

Shale gas is a practical resource with great potential that could be economically explored and developed in the near future. It has been commercially developed in North America and other places. Featuring a vast distribution, a low abundance,unfavorable reservoir conditions, ultra-low permeability and a fast production decline, shale gas is more difficult to develop than conventional natural gas, as it needs advanced drilling and completion technology to develop. During the early stage of shale gas exploration and development, the United States offered enterprises necessary incentives such as tax reductions and exemptions and subsidies to achieve sustainable shale gas development and encourage technological progresses. By comparing the state of China's shale gas development with that of the US' in terms of geological conditions, production technology,market price, tax relief, subsidy periods and amount, this paper intends to put forward related suggestions for the effective development of shale gas according to the current status of development.

Comprehensive Assessment on Tourism Eco-environment of Gansu Province Based on Spatial Data

The article studies tourism eco-environment of 14 cities of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, observation data and literature data. The research results were as follows. First, spatial features of 14 cities' tourism eco-environment are displayed with five levels of vulnerability respectively. The vulnerability in Gansu becomes worse from Gannan City, located in southern Gansu to Hexi Corridor which lies in northwestern Gansu. Second, the areas of above the middle vulnerability level make up 75% of the total areas of Gansu Province. Third, more than 70% of high-level human and natural tourism resources are in the areas with high vulnerability eco-environment. Fourth, it is crucial to develop comprehensive tourism industry in order to improve the harmonious development between tourism industry and eco-environment in Gansu Province.

Safety impact of piled municipal solid waste dumps in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region on water quality

The safety of water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is very important.Protections and remediation of environment safety are very crucial for guaranteeing TGR environmental quality.When piled municipal solid waste(MSW) dumps are submerged without treatment,pollutants in the MSW will leach into the water and threaten the water safety of the reservoir.Based on the surveys of the amount,distribution and characteristics of piled MSW in the TGR area,this study focusing on the MSW dumps at the water leve...

SOME ISSUES ON URBAN CENSUS GIS DESIGNING

This paper first briefly looks back on the history of census GIS around the world,and then summarizes some preponderances of developing urban census GIS in China.And then a three-tier construction architecture for the urban census GIS is proposed.Finally,using the illustration of the census data of Guangzhou city,the paper analyzes and elaborates some issues on the urban census GIS designing,such as data management,data warehouse building,and data analysis.

China's Global Shipping Connectivity:Internal and External Dynamics in the Contemporary Era(1890–2016)

China's global shipping connectivity had been somewhat overlooked as the bulk of related studies predominantly focused on the throughput volume of its own port cities. This article tackles such lacunae by providing a relational perspective based on the extraction of vessel movement archives from the Lloyd's List corpus. Two complementary analyses are proposed: long-term dynamics with all ships included(1890–2008) and medium-term dynamics focusing on container flows(1978–2016). Each analysis examines China's maritime connectivity in various ways and on different spatial scales, from the global to the local, in terms of concentration, vulnerability, and expansion. The main results underline the influence of technological, economic, and political factors on the changing distribution of connectivity internally and externally. In particular, China has managed to reduce its dependence upon external transit hubs, to increase the internal connectivity of its own port system, and to strengthen its dominance towards an increasing number of foreign nodes and trade partners through the maritime network.

Theoretical Analysis of Cold Storage Devices in a CO2 Transcritical/Subcritical Supermarket Refrigeration Plant

This paper proposes a theoretical study of a cold storage system in a CO2 （carbon dioxide） MT （medium temperature） plant for supermarkets application. The aim of this plant strategy is that in the daily hours the storage can export heat form the refrigerant outcoming the gas cooler/condenser whereas during the nightly hours it can be maintained cooled by this latter before its incoming into the evaporator. Besides, the storage can be used for reducing the energy peak consumption, permitting to size the plant on a lower energy target, and it can influence the choice of the optimisation logic of the plant controller, in this work a model for a MT CO2 transcritical/subcritical cycle, able to manage the transient due to the changes of loads and external conditions, is proposed to take into account the evolution with time in a fixed time step. A parametrical analysis has been conduced for understanding the optimal design of the plant. A seasonal analysis is considered too, for understanding the cold storage benefits in different periods of year.

Entomological Survey of Malaria Vectors within the Kumasi Metropolitan AreamA Study of Three Communities： Emena, Atonsu and Akropong

This study describes the bio-ecology of local Anopheles vectors, their abundance, type and vectoral competence in three communities around Kumasi Metropolis. The study sites were selected based on bio-ecologic zones （urban, peri-urban and rural） which influence habitat and behavior. Pyrethrum spray catch was used in the collection of indoor resting mosquitoes from bedrooms of study communities （June-August 2008）. The identification of mosquitoes was based on morphological keys earlier described. The blood meal taken and the stage of digestion and egg development were also observed. A total of 293 mosquitoes were collected and 50.5% were A. gambiae s.I. Of the three bio-ecologic zones： urban, 53.4% were A. gambiae s.l, 27.2% Culex and 19.4% Mansonia; peri-urban, 58% A. gambiae s. 1 and 42% Culex pipien s. 1 and rural, 40.2% A. gambiae s. 1, and 58.8% Culex sp respectively. About 96.6% of all mosquitoes collected had taken blood meals, with 50% of these being Anopheles gambiae s.I. Our findings indicate that urban rather exhibits rural characteristics and can best be described as ＂urban poor＂. However, more data need to be collected to ascertain this. The anopheline mosquitoes in the study communities are highly endophillic and anthropophagic and thus have high vectoral competence. The authors recommend frequent mosquito surveillance to avert malaria epidemic.

Planning and design of a green city in Kaixian for population relocation of Three Gorges Project

We describe the green space system planning and design of a new Kaixian City for migrants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China.The goal of the project was to provide a high quality settlement for migrants relocated from the old Kaixian City that had a history of over one thousand years and from other places with different traditional cultures.Our efforts focused on conceiving affordable strategies to increase green areas,improve waterfront landscapes,deal with water level fluctuation,integrate diverse folk cultures,and encourage bicycling as an environmentally-friendly form of urban transportation.The new city is anticipated to benefit from the green space systems with an improved eco-environment,enriched tourism resources,cheap landscaping costs,relief from traffic pressure,and in other ways.The planning philosophies employed could be useful in the engineering and construction of other cities in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Regional Differences of China′s Urban Expansion from Late 20th to Early 21st Century Based on Remote Sensing Information

This study investigated the regional differences of China′s urban land expansion from the late 1980s to the year of 2008, based on the spatio-temporal analysis of CLCD (China′s land cover/land use database) datasets which were mainly produced from remote sensing imagery data. A newly defined urbanization level index (UI), based on urban land area, is proposed to describe Chinese urban expansion process at 1 kilometer, provincial, regional, and na-tional scales, together with the absolute urban expansion index (UEa) and the relative urbanization expansion index (UEr). The results indicate that the percentages of total land area occupied by urban in the late 1980s, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008 were approximately 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.43% and 0.52% of China′s total land area, respectively. Between the late 1980s and 2008, the total urban expansion in the mainland of China was 2.645 × 104 km2, resulting in an annual urban expansion area of about 1322.7 km2/yr, with the UEr of 111.9%. This study also finds that there has been an obvious spatial gradient of urbanization ratio running from the east coast to the west inland, and the urbanization gaps among different regions have persisted over the past two decades. The study also reveals obvious temporal varia-tions of the urbanization rates. There was very little urban growth during the period of 1995-2000 due to the governmental policy factors.

Ecological Footprint and Major Driving Forces in West Jilin Province, Northeast China

The environmental impact caused by local people （ecological footprint of consumption, EFc） and the actual environmental impact that the ecosystem burdens （ecological footprint of production, EFp） in West Jilin Province, Northeast China from 1986 to 2006 were evaluated by using ecological footprint （EF） method. And the major driving forces of EFc and EFp were analyzed by STIRPAT model. Both EFc and EFp showed increasing trends in 1986-2006, accompanied by decreasing ecological deficits but expanding ecological overshoots. Population （P）, GDP per capita （A1）, quadratic term of GDP per capita （A2）, urbanization （Tα1）, and quadratic term of urbanization （Ta2） were important influencing factors of EFc, among which Tα2 and Tα1 were the most dominate driving forces of EFc. A1, A2 and Tα2 were important influencing factors of EFp, among which A2 and A1 were the most dominate driving forces of EFp. In 1986-2006, the classical Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis did not exist between A2 and EF （both EFc and EFp）, but did between Tα2 and EF. The results indicate that enhancing the urbanization process and diversifying economic sources is one of the most effective ways to reduce the environmental impact of West Jilin Province. Moreover, importance should be attached to improve the eco-efficiency of resource exploitation and consumption.

Monthly Seasonality in the Top 50 Australian Stocks

We studied monthly seasonality in the top 50 Australian stocks across different industry sectors. Unlike other Australian studies, we examined monthly seasonality using stock return data of individual companies for the period of January 1980 through to August 2010. We found that stock returns of over half of the 50 companies are significantly positive in April and December, and most companies have low stock returns in October. Seven companies have higher returns in April than in other months of the year, most of which are banking and financial services companies, while six companies have lower returns in February than in other months. Although Australia has a July-June taxation cycle, we found that only three stocks have a July anomaly. The findings are inconsistent with the tax-loss selling hypothesis and other studies on the Australian equity markets （e.g., Brown, Keim, Kleidon, ＆ Marsh, 1983; Brailsford ＆ Easton, 1991）. However, our findings are generally consistent with Bonin and Moses （1974） on individual stock seasonality

Spatial-temporal Pattern and Differences of Land Use Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China during 1975-2005

Regional land use changes are an important part of global changes.The research on land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China attracts a lot of attention owing to the Three Gorges Dam building.The Three Gorges Reservoir Area becomes one of the important research areas.This study analyzed the transforming processes and traits of each land use type and the regional differences of land use changes during the past 30 years,summarized the distribution of different land use types in different buffer zones and regresses the equation areas and different buffer distances based on buffer analyses and regression analyses,and then analyzed the transforming rules in different buffer distances,got the optimal influence distances.The research results indicate that,(1) cultivated land lies at the northwest of the reservoir and was decreasing,however,the construction land was increasing,especially the urban construction land,a large number of land was flooded because of the reservoir water level rise;(2) urban area was sprawling quickly in developed and neighboring areas,and a great deal of cultivated land and a considerable amount of grassland were occupied;in the earlier time,rural settlements occupied lots of cultivated land and a sum of forestry land in the later time;(3) the optimum influenced distances for cultivated land and forestry land were 10-35 km,and for urban and rural settlements were in 5-20 km.Overall,this research can reflect the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during the 30 years,and it is helpful for urban planning and land use planning in the reservoir area.

Explorations of Public Participation Approach to the Framing of Resilient Urbanism

Under the framework of developing resilient and livable cities, this study was aimed at engaging local communities to achieve the goal of public participation. Given the prevalence of smart mobile devices, an interactive app called ＂Citizen Probe＂ was designed to guide users to participate in building resilient and livable urban spaces by enabling users to report the condition of their living environment. The app collects feedback from users regarding the perceived condition of the urban environment, and this information is used to further develop an open online index system. The index system serves as a guide for the public to actively transform their city into a resilient and livable urban environment. The app was designed for the reporting of flood incidents with the objective of resilient disaster prevention, which can be achieved by enabling users to identify disaster conditions in order to develop a database for basic disaster information. The database can be used in the prevention and mitigation of disasters and to provide a foundation for developing indices for assessing the resilience and livability of urban areas. Three communities in Taichung, Taiwan, participated in the study. Residents of these communities were requested to use the app and identify local environmental conditions to obtain spatial data according to four stages in disaster response： assessment, readiness, response, and recovery. A volunteered geographic information database was developed to display maps for providing users with current reports ofpredisaster risk assessment, disaster response capacity, real-time disaster conditions, and overall disaster recovery. In addition, the database can be used as a useful tool for researchers to conduct GIS analyses and initiate related discussions. The interactive appraises public awareness on disaster prevention and makes disaster prevention a daily norm. Further discussion between the public and experts will be initiated to assist in policy management pertaining to the ongoing development of cities in addition to improving disaster prevention and response measures.

GeoScope:Full 3D Geospatial Information System Case Study

Aiming at the integrative management and comprehensive applications of large-scale 3D geospatial information covering the full 3D space of a city, this paper briefly introduces the design and implementation of a full 3D GIS platform： GeoScope, which provides a professional solution for the massive full three-dimensional geospatial data integration, management, analysis, visualization, and applications. GeoScope is characterized by： （1） extendible software architecture based on the hierarchical message bus, facilitates multimodal integrative applications of 2D GIS and 3D GIS; （2） unified 3D city models, support multiscale se- mantic representation of outdoor ＆ indoor and aboveground ＆ underground 3D objects; （3） high-efficient 3D geospatial database engine, supports integrated management of massive 3D geospatial data for real-time applications; and （4） high-performance visualization engine exploiting the massively parallel computation architecture of modem GPUs, supports real-time realistic rendering of large-scale complicated 3D geospatial environments. The successful pilot application of GeoScope is also illustrated with the 3D city models of 8494 knl2 of the whole Wuhan City, the largest city in middle China.

Research on Newly Urbanized Towns and Districts in China

Since the last decade the central government endeavors to promote large scale of urbanization in China.Lots of new urban towns and districts are taking shape. Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan released by the central government points out that the new towns and districts are to be regulated. But few researches are considering the new towns and districts especially in the spatial distributive pattern and status in China. Given this situation this paper, after sorting out the world-wide research and development of new urban towns and districts, gives definitions of broad and narrow meanings. Based on the broad meaning definition, the database of new towns and districts in China is established. This paper then conducts a preliminary analysis of the new towns and districts.Then the two-step work plan and the advices are also proposed to further improve the research and practice of its kind in China.