In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A m...In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. It includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lueders-von Neumann measurement process. This motivates the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Their meanings are： the absence of quantum interference or influence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic （events） belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases.展开更多
The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky,1931 on the gill filaments of the bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg(Leuciscinae) inhabiting the Irtysh River of Xinjiang,China was investigat...The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky,1931 on the gill filaments of the bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg(Leuciscinae) inhabiting the Irtysh River of Xinjiang,China was investigated from June to July 2012.D.wunderi was identified by sequencing a fragment of its ITS rDNA region.Sixty-five fish were examined,with 55% testing positive for monogenean infection.The prevalence of the parasite in the left and right gill arches was 46% and 48%,respectively.In fish with a large body length,the prevalence of the parasite and the infection intensity did not significantly differ between the right and left gill arches but both were slightly higher in the former.Among the three size groups of fish(small,medium and large) the prevalence and the intensity of infection were lowest in fish with small body lengths.The distribution of the monogenean population in the host gills showed an aggregate distribution,with little change in the degree of aggregation,suggesting that most hosts were either not or only slightly infected by D.wunderi and that the parasite infected only a few hosts.In addition,differences in D.wunderi infections between gill arches of A.brama orientalis were not significant(P>0.05).展开更多
Let Bn be the set of all n×n Boolean Matrices; R（A） denote the row space of A∈Bn, ｜R（A）｜ denote the cardinality of R（A）, m, n, k, l, t, i, γi be positive integers, Si, λi be non negative integers. In t...Let Bn be the set of all n×n Boolean Matrices; R（A） denote the row space of A∈Bn, ｜R（A）｜ denote the cardinality of R（A）, m, n, k, l, t, i, γi be positive integers, Si, λi be non negative integers. In this paper, we prove the following two results：（1）Let n≥13,n-3≥k〉Sl,Si＋〉Si,i=1,2…,l-1.if k＋l≤n,then for any m=2^k＋2^S1-l＋…＋2^S1,there exists A∈Bn,such that ｜R（A）｜=m.（2）Let n≥13,n-3≥k〉Sn-k-1〉Sn-k-2〉…S1〉λt〉λt-1〉…〉λ1,2≤t≤n-k.If exist γi（k＋1≤γi≤n-1,i=1,2…,t-1）γi〈γi＋1 and λt-λt-1≤k-Sn-γ1,λt-i-λt-i-1≤Sn-γi-Sn-γii＋1,i=1,2…,t-2,then for any m=2^k＋2^Sn-k-1＋2^Sn-k-1＋2^Sn-k-2＋…＋2^S1＋2^λt＋2^λt-1…＋2^λ1,there exists A∈Bn,as such that ｜R（A）｜=m.展开更多
This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance ...This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance parameters in a mountain watershed covering 153.3 km2 in the middle moun- tains of Nepal. The study involved two spatial scales and analytical steps. First, geomatics techniques were used to map and detect changes in major land cover types in the watershed between 1976 and 2000 and to analyze relationships between forest cover changes and governance arrangements. This was followed by micro-level analysis of the relationships between the biological conditions of selected forests within the watershed and their governance arrangements, using conventional survey methods and analytical tools. The findings show that forest cover in the watershed in- creased by about 15 per cent during the period. The rate of increase in forest cover was highest in areas under a semi-government type of governance ar- rangement, while the community forests were gener- ally better in terms of current biological conditions compared to the semi-government forests. This in- consistency between the findings from the two analy- ses does not allow us to draw any firm conclusions regarding the role of property rights in determining forest condition, but it indicates that the outcomes of local forest management initiatives may be more de-pendent on local institutional arrangements regulat- ing forest use and maintenance of forest resources than on the type of property rights arrangements. The findings also provide evidence of the methodological suitability of the research approach adopted, which may be useful for addressing many other research questions related to forestry and natural resources management, particularly those involving multiple spatial scales.展开更多
文摘In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. It includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lueders-von Neumann measurement process. This motivates the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Their meanings are： the absence of quantum interference or influence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic （events） belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31160535)the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology(No.2011FB06)the Technology Support Project of Xinjiang(No.201191136)
文摘The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky,1931 on the gill filaments of the bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg(Leuciscinae) inhabiting the Irtysh River of Xinjiang,China was investigated from June to July 2012.D.wunderi was identified by sequencing a fragment of its ITS rDNA region.Sixty-five fish were examined,with 55% testing positive for monogenean infection.The prevalence of the parasite in the left and right gill arches was 46% and 48%,respectively.In fish with a large body length,the prevalence of the parasite and the infection intensity did not significantly differ between the right and left gill arches but both were slightly higher in the former.Among the three size groups of fish(small,medium and large) the prevalence and the intensity of infection were lowest in fish with small body lengths.The distribution of the monogenean population in the host gills showed an aggregate distribution,with little change in the degree of aggregation,suggesting that most hosts were either not or only slightly infected by D.wunderi and that the parasite infected only a few hosts.In addition,differences in D.wunderi infections between gill arches of A.brama orientalis were not significant(P>0.05).
基金Foundation item： Supported by the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China（06029035）
文摘Let Bn be the set of all n×n Boolean Matrices; R（A） denote the row space of A∈Bn, ｜R（A）｜ denote the cardinality of R（A）, m, n, k, l, t, i, γi be positive integers, Si, λi be non negative integers. In this paper, we prove the following two results：（1）Let n≥13,n-3≥k〉Sl,Si＋〉Si,i=1,2…,l-1.if k＋l≤n,then for any m=2^k＋2^S1-l＋…＋2^S1,there exists A∈Bn,such that ｜R（A）｜=m.（2）Let n≥13,n-3≥k〉Sn-k-1〉Sn-k-2〉…S1〉λt〉λt-1〉…〉λ1,2≤t≤n-k.If exist γi（k＋1≤γi≤n-1,i=1,2…,t-1）γi〈γi＋1 and λt-λt-1≤k-Sn-γ1,λt-i-λt-i-1≤Sn-γi-Sn-γii＋1,i=1,2…,t-2,then for any m=2^k＋2^Sn-k-1＋2^Sn-k-1＋2^Sn-k-2＋…＋2^S1＋2^λt＋2^λt-1…＋2^λ1,there exists A∈Bn,as such that ｜R（A）｜=m.
文摘This study employed an innovative meth- odological framework that combines geomatics and conventional survey methods to monitor changes in forest conditions and examine their associations with local forest governance parameters in a mountain watershed covering 153.3 km2 in the middle moun- tains of Nepal. The study involved two spatial scales and analytical steps. First, geomatics techniques were used to map and detect changes in major land cover types in the watershed between 1976 and 2000 and to analyze relationships between forest cover changes and governance arrangements. This was followed by micro-level analysis of the relationships between the biological conditions of selected forests within the watershed and their governance arrangements, using conventional survey methods and analytical tools. The findings show that forest cover in the watershed in- creased by about 15 per cent during the period. The rate of increase in forest cover was highest in areas under a semi-government type of governance ar- rangement, while the community forests were gener- ally better in terms of current biological conditions compared to the semi-government forests. This in- consistency between the findings from the two analy- ses does not allow us to draw any firm conclusions regarding the role of property rights in determining forest condition, but it indicates that the outcomes of local forest management initiatives may be more de-pendent on local institutional arrangements regulat- ing forest use and maintenance of forest resources than on the type of property rights arrangements. The findings also provide evidence of the methodological suitability of the research approach adopted, which may be useful for addressing many other research questions related to forestry and natural resources management, particularly those involving multiple spatial scales.
