欧盟指令知多少

(欧共体)指令(EC Directives)是欧盟为协调各成员国现行法律的不一致而制定的法律要求。各成员国政府有责任将本国的法律与指令取得协调一致,与指令有冲突的现行国家法律都应在规定的时间内撤消。欧盟颁布指令的根本目的是消除欧盟成员国之间的贸易技术壁垒,实现产品在成员国之间的“自由流通”。指令主要规定了与健康和安全有关的基本要求。

Bayesian Estimation and Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation of Zero-failure Data

The zero_failure data research is a new field in the recent years, but it is required urgently in practical projects, so the work has more theory and practical values. In this paper, for zero_failure data (t i,n i) at moment t i , if the prior distribution of the failure probability p i=p{T【t i} is quasi_exponential distribution, the author gives the p i Bayesian estimation and hierarchical Bayesian estimation and the reliability under zero_failure date condition is also obtained.

尺咫寸丈寻仞考

尺度是人们生产和生活中所必需的长度单位.人类最初产生测度长短要求时,不可能事先规定统一的标准尺寸.依据人们生活的自然习惯,总是用自身去衡量客观事物.诚如《说文序》所说:“近取诸身”.《史记·夏本纪》说:“禹……声为律,身为度,称以出.”《说文》也说:“周制,寸、尺、咫、寻、常、仞诸度量,皆以人之体为法”.不仅我国风俗如此,外国也有类似的生活习惯.譬如英码为英皇亨利第一从鼻端到手指尖的长度,英尺则是英人脚的长度.而日本的尺度也始于人手.可见测度单位取法于人体是完全符合度量发展规律的.

Optimum Constant-stress Plan for Accelerated Life Test with Censoring Ⅱ

In this paper, we obtain the optimum plan by discussing a constant-stress accelerated life test (ALT) satisfying the condition (3.3) at k stresses under an exponential distribution.

Climatic Factors for Limiting Northward Distribution of Eight Temperate Tree Species in Eastern North America

Eight temperate deciduous tree species, Acer rubrum L., A. saccharinum L., A. saccharum Marsh., Belluta alleghaniensis Britton., Fraxinus nigra Marsh., Quercus rubra L., Titia americana L., and Ulmus americana L. in eastern North America, were selected to explore relationship between the northward distribution of temperate tree species and climatic factors. For each species, more than 30 sites at their north limits of distribution were obtained from their distribution maps, and 11 climatic indices at the north limits were computed. The standardized standard deviation (SD) method, which compares the magnitude of variance of climatic indices, was used to detect which climatic parameter was the most important for explaining northward distribution of these species. We presume that the climatic parameter that has the smallest variance at the north limit would be assigned as the dominant climatic factor for limiting the distribution of this species. The results derived from the standardized SD method indicated that the SD value of warmth index (WI) and/or annual biotemperature (ABT) were the smallest among the 11 climatic indices. Since both WI and ABT represent growing season temperature, it suggested that growing season temperature was the most important climatic factor for explaining the northward distribution of these temperate tree species. The relationships between several climatic indices, WI, coldness index (CI), annual precipitation (AP), annual range of temperature (ART) and humid/arid index were also analyzed. As a result, at the north limits of all these species, both WI and CI decreased with an increase of AP, and CI increased with an increase of ART. Besides growing season temperature, precipitation and climatic continentality also have influence on the northward distribution of the temperate trees in eastern North America.

信息技术:二十一世纪企业竞争的利剑

在经济发达国家,企业已从两个方面受到了信息化的根本改造:一方面,信息化建立了企业与市场之间的桥梁,企业可以快速、准确地了解市场动向和顾客需求,工业时代的大规模生产和推销被录活的信息服务所取代。另一方面,信息技术由过去的大型主机统一处理信息和发布指令,发展到个人电脑成为信息生成、处理、发布和传输的主要角色,使众多个人电脑,组成的网络能高效率地运转。专家预言,信息技术的应用将是企业在21世纪竞争的焦点。

Precise large deviation result for heavy-tailed random sums and applications to risk theory

The differences between two sequences of nonnegative independent and identically distributed random variables with sub-exponential tails and the random index are studied. The random index is a strictly stationary renewal counting process generated by some negatively associated random variables. Using a revised large deviation result of partial sums, the elementary renewal theorem and the central limit theorem of negatively associated random variables, a precise large deviation result is derived for the random sums. The result is applied to the customer-arrival-based insurance risk model. Some uniform asymptotics for the ruin probabilities of an insurance company are obtained as the number of customers or the time tends to infinity.

Wavy Distribution of Trace Elements in Phytolacca Samples from Different Areas

To study the distribution of 25 elements, i.e. Be, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er,Eu, Gd, Ge, Ho, La, Lu, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, Y, Yb and Zn in Phytolacca, atraditional Chinese medicinal herb, collected from nine areas of P. R. China. Methods Twenty-fiveelements in Phytolacca including essential elements, toxic elements and rare earth elements intraditional Chinese medicinal herbs from different areas were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results The 25elements in Phytolacca were determined by ICP-MS under optimized conditions. The detection limitswere 0.003 -0.71 ng·mL^(-1). The recoveries were 88% - 118% . The relative standard deviations ofthe measurements were 1.7% - 13.3%. Conclusion The determined concentrations of elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb vary from one area to another; however, the distribution tendency ofelements in all the samples is similar. The distribution tendency of rare earth elements inPhytolacca acinosa Roxb is consistent with that in nature.

Subcellular distribution of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the rat duodenum

AIM:To study the cell-type specific subcellular distribution of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) in the rat duodenum.METHODS:Postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopy was performed,in which primary antibodies for neuronal NOS(nNOS),endothelial NOS(eNOS),and inducible NOS(iNOS),were visualized with protein A-gold-conjugated secondary antibodies.Stained ultrathin sections were examined and photographed with a Philips CM10 electron microscope equipped with a MEGAVIEW II camera.The specificity of the immunoreaction in all cases was assessed by omitting the primary antibodies in the labeling protocol and incubating the sections only in the protein A-gold conjugated secondary antibodies.RESULTS:Postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopy revealed the presence of nNOS,eNOS,and iNOS immunoreactivity in the myenteric neurons,the enteric smooth muscle cells,and the endothelium of capillariesrunning in the vicinity of the myenteric plexus of the rat duodenum.The cell type-specific distributions of the immunogold particles labeling the three different NOS isozymes were revealed.In the control experiments,in which the primary antiserum was omitted,virtually no postembedding gold particles were observed.CONCLUSION:This postembedding immunoelectronmicroscopic study provided the first evidence of celltype-specific differences in the subcellular distributions of NOS isoforms.

Effects of Water Quality on the Distribution of Chinese Giant Salamander(Andrias davidianus)in Guizhou Province,China

13 water quality parameters were tested from 38 reaches of 34 counties in Guizhou where Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus) distributed over the past 30 years. Dissolved oxygen and p H were found to be significant determinants of the species distribution in recent years(P<0.05). There was no Chinese giant salamander distribution in the recent five years in rivers with dissolved solids of greater than 415 mg/L, conductivity of greater than 639 us/cm, salinity of greater than 0.31 ppt and total hardness of greater than 150 mg/L. Sensitive to environment, the Chinese giant salamander is an important indicator for environmental quality, so it could be used as one of the environmental indicator. Eutrophication, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and inorganic pollutants may be one of reasons driving wild CGS into extinction.

Effects of Duck Tembusu Virus on Serum Biochemical Indexes, Cytokines and Viral Replication of Ducklings

In order to understand the pathogenicity of duck Tembusu virus （DTMUV）, it was injected into muscle of 5-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings according to the dosage of 1×104 EID50. Then, the biochemical indexes of duckling serum samples were determined by kits, and the changes in detoxification, tissue viral load and cytokines were detected by using fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that DTMUV had serious damage to the liver, kidney, heart and muscle of ducklings; DTMUV could proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung and brain; the virus levels in the liver and brain reached the peaks on day 5 after the inoculation and those in the lung and spleen reached the peaks on day 9; the virus content was highest in the brain, liver and spleen; and DTMUV induced the overexpression of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-6, IFN-β, IL-1β, TLR-7,IL-2, major histocompatibility complex type I （MHC-I） andmajor histocompatibility complex type II （MHC-II） in the spleen on day 1 and the overexpression of IL-6 and IL-2 in the brain on days 1, 2 and 3.

Forecast of coal spontaneous combustion with artificial neural network model based on testing and monitoring gas indices

Forecast is very important for preventing and controlling the disaster of spontaneous combustion （sponcom）. Gaseous products of coal, such as carbon monoxide, ethylene, propane and hydrogen, are commonly used as indicators to reflect its status quo of sponcom in coal mines. Nevertheless, since the corresponding relationship between the temperature and the indicators is non-linear and can＇t be depicted with simple mathematical formula, it is very difficult to diagnose and forecast coal sponcom by monitoring indicator gases＇ distribution. A forward feeding 3-layer artificial neural network （ANN） model is employed to express the corresponding relation between temperature and index gases of coal sponcom more accurately. A large amount of data from programmed temperature oxidation experiments were employed to train the network to gain the connection strength between nerve cells and to accomplish the model. It proved in real coal productions that the ANN model can forecast coal sponcom accurately.

Co-Production of Lipids, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fucoxanthin, and Chrysolaminarin by Phaeodactylum tricornutum Cultured in a Flat-Plate Photobioreactor Under Varying Nitrogen Conditions

The marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a polymorphological, ecologically significant, and well-studied model of unicellular microalga. This diatom can accumulate diverse important metabolites. Herein, we cultured P. tricornutum in an internally installed tie-piece flat-plate photobioreactor under 14.5 m mol L^(-1)(high nitrogen, HN) and 2.9 m mol L^(-1)(low nitrogen, LN) of KNO_3 and assessed its time-resolved changes in biochemical compositions. The results showed that HN was inductive to accumulate high biomass(4.1 g L^(-1)). However, the LN condition could accelerate lipid accumulation in P. tricornutum. The maximum total lipid(TL) content under LN was up to 42.5% of biomass on day 12. Finally, neutral lipids(NLs) were 63.8% and 75.7% of TLs under HN and LN, respectively. The content of EPA ranged from 2.3% to 1.5% of dry weight during the growth period under the two culture conditions. Peak volumetric lipid productivity of 128.4 mg L^(-1)d^(-1) was achieved in the HN group(on day 9). The highest volumetric productivity values of EPA, chrysolaminarin, and fucoxanthin were obtained in the exponential phase(on day 6) under HN, which were 9.6, 93.6, and 4.7 mg L^(-1)d^(-1), respectively. In conclusion, extractable amounts of lipids, EPA, fucoxanthin, and chrysolaminarin could be obtained from P. tricornutum by regulating the culture conditions.

The Survival Probability in Generalized Poisson Risk Model

In this paper we generalize the aggregated premium income process from a constant rate process to a poisson process for the classical compound Poinsson risk model,then for the generalized model and the classical compound poisson risk model ,we respectively get its survival probability in finite time period in case of exponential claim amounts.

Spatial distribution of Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky on gills of Abramis brama orientalis Berg (Leuciscinae) in Irtysh River, China

The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky,1931 on the gill filaments of the bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg(Leuciscinae) inhabiting the Irtysh River of Xinjiang,China was investigated from June to July 2012.D.wunderi was identified by sequencing a fragment of its ITS rDNA region.Sixty-five fish were examined,with 55% testing positive for monogenean infection.The prevalence of the parasite in the left and right gill arches was 46% and 48%,respectively.In fish with a large body length,the prevalence of the parasite and the infection intensity did not significantly differ between the right and left gill arches but both were slightly higher in the former.Among the three size groups of fish(small,medium and large) the prevalence and the intensity of infection were lowest in fish with small body lengths.The distribution of the monogenean population in the host gills showed an aggregate distribution,with little change in the degree of aggregation,suggesting that most hosts were either not or only slightly infected by D.wunderi and that the parasite infected only a few hosts.In addition,differences in D.wunderi infections between gill arches of A.brama orientalis were not significant(P>0.05).

Exponential stabilization of distributed parameter switched systems under dwell time constraints

The exponential stabilization problem for finite dimensional switched systems is extended to the infinite dimensional distributed parameter systems in the Hilbert space. Based on the semigroup theory, by applying the multiple Lyapunov function method, the exponential stabilization conditions are derived. These conditions are given in the form of linear operator inequalities where the decision variables are operators in the Hilbert space; while the stabilization properties depend on the switching rule. Being applied to the two-dimensional heat switched propagation equations with the Dirichlet boundary conditions, these linear operator inequalities are transformed into standard linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Large Deviations for Sums of Heavy-tailed Random Variables

This paper is a further investigation of large deviations for sums of random variables Sn=i=1∑n Xi and S（t）=i=1∑N（t）Xi,（t≥0）, where {X_n,n≥1） are independent identically distribution and non-negative random variables, and {N（t）,t≥0} is a counting process of non-negative integer-valued random variables, independent of {X_n,n≥1}. In this paper, under the suppose F∈G, which is a bigger heavy-tailed class than C, proved large deviation results for sums of random variables.

Population genetics of Sargassum horneri (Fucales, Phaeophyta) in China revealed by ISSR and SRAP markers

Sargassum horneri is a common brown macro-alga that is found in the inter-tidal ecosystems of China. To investigate the current status of seaweed resources and provide basic data for its sustainable development, ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) and SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism) markers were used to analyze the population genetics among nine natural populations of S. horneri. The nine studied populations were distributed over 2 000 km from northeast to south China. The percentage of polymorphic loci P% (ISSR, 99.44%; SRAP, 100.00%), Nei's genetic diversity H (ISSR, 0.107-0.199; SRAP, 0.100-0.153), and Shannon's information index I (ISSR, 0.157-0.291; SRAP, 0.148-0.219) indicated a fair amount of genetic variability among the nine populations. Moreover, the high degree of gene differentiation G st (ISSR, 0.654; SRAP, 0.718) and low gene flow N m (ISSR, 0.265; SRAP, 0.196) implied that there was significant among-population differentiation, possibly as a result of habitat fragmentation. The matrices of genetic distances and fixation indices (F st ) among the populations correlated well with their geographical distribution (Mantel test R=0.541 5, 0.541 8; P=0.005 0, 0.002 0 and R=0.728 6, 0.641 2; P=0.001 0, 0.001 0, respectively); the Rongcheng population in the Shandong peninsula was the only exception. Overall, the genetic differentiation agreed with the geographic isolation. The fair amount of genetic diversity that was revealed in the S. horneri populations in China indicated that the seaweed resources had not been seriously affected by external factors.

A Simple Method to Extract Tropical Monsoon Forests Using NDVI Based on MODIS Data:A Case Study in South Asia and Peninsula Southeast Asia

Distribution of monsoon forests is important for the research of carbon and water cycles in the tropical regions. In this paper, a simple approach is proposed to map monsoon forests using the Normalized Difference Vegetation lndex （NDVI） derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data. Owing to the high contrast of greenness between wet season and dry season, the monsoon forest can be easily discriminated from other forests by combining the maximum and minimum annual NDVI. The MODIS-based monsoon forest maps （MODMF） from 2000 to 2009 are derived and evaluated using the ground-truth dataset. The MODMF achieves an average producer accuracy of 80.0% and the Kappa statistic of 0.719. The variability of MODMF among different years is compared with that calculated from MODIS land cover products （MCD 12Q 1）. The results show that the coefficient of variation of total monsoon forest area in MODMF is 7.3%, which is far lower than that in MCD12Q1 with 24.3%. Moreover, the pixels in MODMv which can be identified for 7 to 9 times between 200l and 2009 account for 53.1%, while only 7.9% ofMCD12QI pixels have this frequency. Additionally, the monsoon forest areas estimated in MODMF, Global Land Cover 2000 （GLC2000）, MCDI2Q1 and University of Maryland （UMD） products are compared with the statistical dataset at national level, which reveals that MODMv has the highest R^2 of 0.95 and the lowest RMSE of 14 014 km^2. This algorithm is simple but reliable for mapping the monsoon forests without complex classification techniques.

The Relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Climate Factors in the Semiarid Region:A Case Study in Yalu Tsangpo River Basin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Yalu Tsangpo River basin is a typical semi-arid and cold region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where significant climate change has been detected in the past decades. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the regional vegetation, especially the typical plant types, responds to the climate changes. In this study, the model of gravity center has been firstly introduced to analyze the spatial-temporal relationship between NDVI and climate factors considering the time-lag effect. The results show that the vegetation grown has been positively influenced by the rainfall and precipitation both in moving tracks of gravity center and time-lag effect especially for the growing season during the past thirteen years. The herbs and shrubs are inclined to be influenced by the change of rainfall and temperature, which is indicated by larger positive correlation coefficients at the 0.05 confidence level and shorter lagging time. For the soil moisture, the significantly negative relationship of NDV-PDI indicates that the growth and productivity of the vegetation are closely related to the short-term soil water, with the correlation coefficients reaching the maximum value of o.81 at Lag 0-1. Among the typicalvegetation types of plateau, the shrubs of low mountain, steppe and meadow are more sensitive to the change of soil moisture with coefficients of -0.95, -0.93, -0.92, respectively. These findings reveal that the spatial and temporal heterogeneity between NDVI and climatic factors are of great ecological significance and practical value for the protection of eco-environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.