陈云尊师观的四重维度

陈云自幼向学,短暂且异常坎坷的求学之路和授业恩师的提携帮助令他终身感念,成为其尊师观的逻辑起点和情感维度;尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重教师是他阐释与贯彻党的知识分子理论政策的一贯原则,构成其尊师观的理论维度;陈云尊师观的政策维度和实践维度则主要体现在他积极推动20世纪80年代教师困境的改善。陈云的尊师观从情感、理论、政策和实践四重维度展现了其丰富内涵,理论的一贯性和注重实效性是其尊师观的显著特征。

师术有四，博习不与——荀子“为师观”新释

荀子是我国先秦诸子思想的集大成者，他的学说历史影响十分深远。建立以礼义为核心的、有秩序的和谐之世是荀子的理想．这在他的“为师观”中有充分的体现。荀子为师，讲求政教合一；《荀子》一书，君师、人师共在。他们身负道德教化之重任，需要具备“师术有四”所提出的道德素质。

论毛泽东的尊师观

毛泽东的尊师观之所以与众不同,在于其自身多角色的不同变化。他经历了学生、教师、革命家和国家领袖这四种社会角色的演进,不同的角色视角造成了与教师各有特点的关系。由此形成了毛泽东尊师观的三个主要特点:一是强烈的平等意识,主张平等对待所有教过自己的老师,二是强调求学问道时师生之间应有平等的地位,三是鲜明的阶级立场,强调教师应具有革命的立场,为人民服务的精神。

论传统教师地位的文化负累与消解

传统教师尊卑相悖的两重地位是以儒家教育价值取向为核心的传统尊师观的外化与投射。传统教师职业价值取向上的尊师与重道、殉道与祈福、出仕与为师、师长与师友之间的矛盾与失调，形成一种道统至上、伦理至上、功名至上和权威至上的尊师观，进而造成传统教师地位的尊卑相悖、德福背离、重心失落和关系错位。唯有消解传统教师地位的文化负累，实现教师职业的现代跨越，才能适应现代社会发展和教育革新对于教师职业的挑战和要求。

People＇s Visual Perceptions of Tourism Buildings and Their Environments

The visual and aesthetic aspects of any object are defined by its color, texture, line, and form as well as compositional reference elements such as scale and spatial location in the three-dimensional context. Different methodologies have been developed to conduct visual assessments, based on analyses of the physical, aesthetic, and psychological attributes of the landscape. In this study, relationships between tourism buildings and the environment were analyzed across the perceived landscape and main shopping streets in terms of their color, texture, line and form, scale, and spatial location. Photographic-based questionnaires were administered in Kemer （near Antalya, Turkey） and Knokke （near Brugge, Belgium）. In each location, 30 photographs taken of the coast and principal shopping streets were shown to 100 respondents of different ages, educational backgrounds, and nationalities. Two questions were then asked regarding the visual relationships in the photographs. Six questions regarding socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents were also asked. In both locations, the respondents preferred natural landscapes with few structures, and tourist resorts characterized by small, low-rise, and traditional buildings. The results of this study may provide suggestions for building and landscape architects about how to successfully integrate tourism buildings into the landscape

Creationism and Evolution Views of Brazilian Teachers and Teachers-to-Be

This paper aims at assessing the evolutionist and creationist conceptions of Brazilian teachers. The work is developed within the framework of the European project BIOHEAD-CITIZEN （biology, health and environmental education for better citizenship）, which takes into account that scientific knowledge and teachers＇ attitudes and values can influence the teaching practices. The large questionnaire BIOHEAD-CITIZEN, which was constructed to be applied in 19 countries in Europe, Africa and Middle East countries, was applied, in this study, to six groups of Brazilian teachers： primary school teachers, biology teachers and Portuguese language teachers and corresponding teachers-to-be. For this paper the answers to questions about evolution were used as dependent variables. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out. Biology teachers and biology teachers-to-be gave more importance to the natural selection and the evolution process than the other groups of teachers. Comparing to the BIOHEAD-CITIZEN countries, the total Brazilian sample showed a higher percentage of creationist conceptions, particularly the Brazilian biology teachers and teachers-to-be. As discussed herein, this may not be an obstacle for teaching evolution as they accept both creationist and evolutionist concomitantly.

An Analysis of Conceptions of Learning English Among College Students in China

In the field of second language acquisition, an increasing amount of research has been conducted on learner＇s beliefs. Few empirical studies, however, have been focused on students＇ conceptions of learning English （COLE）. This study aims to assess conceptions of learning particularly in the domain of English. Data were collected through the COLE questionnaire among 284 college students in China. Seven factors of COLE are identified, such as ＂memorizing＂, ＂testing＂, ＂drill and practice＂, ＂increasing knowledge＂, ＂understanding＂, ＂application＂, and ＂seeing in a new way＂. These findings also provide some pedagogical implications for English language instructors and researchers.

Leaming to Be a Tea Art Practitioner： An Anthropologist＇s Self-Reflection

Becoming a tea art practitioner, or charen （茶人）, involves cultivation of body and mind. This paper attempts to document the long-term process of bodily and mindful cultivation from an anthropological, participant-observation, and self-reflective point of view. I will describe my experiences from entering the world of Taiwan Residents tea art through learning the great variety of teas and the techniques for making them, designing my own tea sets, and performing in tea gatherings. This learning process has gone well beyond what is required of a researcher, or a good observer, because it has not only allowed me to understand, interpret, and analyze the aesthetics and ritual of Taiwan Residents tea art but it has also required that I ＂designs＂ or be creative in presenting Taiwan Residents tea art to my own cultural members. This substantially changes my status from the objective observer my profession requires, to a dedicated performer and even a designer/creator of my own culture. My self-reflexivity in this process points to not only methodological issues but also theoretical ones, including recent academic interest in materiality, cultural performance, lifestyle, bodily discipline, and the senses. Through self-reflection, I intends to reveal connections among them.

The Experience of Regional Planning of the CESP （Companhia Energetica de Sao Paulo）, Brazil

This article deals with the important experience of regional planning developed by the CESP （Companhia Energ6tica de Silo Paulo）, Brazil, through the implantation of its hydroelectric projects. The company accumulated a large experience in deploying and managing residential centers built to provide support to the works of their dams. The presence of urban planning was verified in all cases studied, with the participation of different professionals such as architects, planners, engineers and landscape designers, from inside or outside the company. This research shows that they used concepts derived from experiences as company towns of 19th century, the neighborhood unit, the garden city, the urbanistic assumptions from CIAM （Congr^s Internationaux d＇Architecture Moderne） and the TVA （Tennessee Valley Authority）.

The Problems of Senior Three Students＇ ＂Mute-Crux＂ in English Learning in China

English is widely taught as an FL （foreign language） in most middle schools in China. Chinese students have improved their English reading and writing these years, but they are relatively poor in listening and speaking. The author, based on the empirical study, made an investigation on Senior Three students in Leshan city. The statistics from the questionnaire indicate the problem of ＂Mute-crux＂ in English teaching and learning. This paper explores the reasons that cause the problem： teachers＇ use of the traditional ways, just emphasizing the transmission of English knowledge, but ignoring the meaningful communication with students; exercise-based and exam-oriented teaching, which cause students＇ rote-learning. The author proposes that Chinese English teachers ought to change the traditional notions and adopt effective ways to encourage students to speak bravely in order to improve their speaking abilities

Perception of Forensic Accountants About Elaboration of Free Judicial Expertise in Brazil

The Article 23 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentions that all work must have a fair and favorable remuneration. However, in Brazil, the State uses the free legal aid as a way of minimizing the social and economic inequality, making it possible for the needy to have access to justice. Through the free legal aid, the litigant is exempted from payment of fees and legal expenses and court, thus, transferring the burden of work to professionals who assist in the judicial process. So, the magistrate can appoint an expert accountant to assist him in the trial of the legal question when the proof requires accounting knowledge. In this way, this article discusses the accounting expertise that is free of charge from the perception of expert accountants. The authors had applied questionnaires in August and September in 2008, and obtained 131 responses and 2,859 data. From this research, the authors observed that the majority of respondents when solicited to work with the possibility of non-payment attended the demand, and believed that this would contribute to society and assist the magistrate.

Awareness and Perception of Genetic Modification among Science and Technical Vocational Teachers in Guyana： Focusing on Genetically Modified Foods

A study was conducted to determine the awareness and perception of biotechnology focusing on genetically modified foods among public secondary school science and technical vocational teachers in Guyana. A questionnaire was administered to 228 randomly selected teachers of 42 schools in six administrative regions of Guyana, representing about 90% of the population. The results revealed that there was a low level of awareness among the teachers： those who were knowledgeable about the subject were mainly Biology, Agricultural Science and Integrated Science teachers. Most teachers （almost 90%） indicated that the public is not receiving adequate information about genetically-modified foods and opined that the television should be the main medium to provide information. The study also revealed that teachers felt that ethical, religious and social issues should be considered when applying the technology. This view did not vary based on qualifications, years in the profession or subjects taught. Genetic modification was more acceptable to plant-based than animal-based foods, although they seemed ambivalent as to whether genetically modified foods can be harmful to their health. The implications of these findings are that more teachers in various subject areas should be informed about emerging issues in sciences to enable them to better analyze the subject matter, transfer information to the students, and form attitudes and opinions based on facts.

Lesson Study Makes Teachers Leam

Being professional teacher is a process of acting and self empowering of teachers collectively and continuously. A teacher is not merely transferring knowledges and subject matters to the students but also internalizing the values; professionalism, knowledge laedership, community empowerment, etc. Partnership, professional development, and learning community are possibly gained by the teachers through lesson study implementasion interconnectedly and mutually. This paper aims at elaborating on the experience of State Junior High School 1 Srandakan Bantul Yogyakarta in implementing lesson study as a break-through to enhance the teachers＇ professional development incorporating the three mechanisms of lesson study. This school has conducted lesson study for about three years. The study resulted that 80 percent of teachers achieve their competence in planning, doing, and reflecting the lesson through observing other teachers performance and being observed interchangeably.

An Empirical Study on Interaction in EFL Classrooms in Middle Schools in Western Areas of China

Interaction in EFL （English as a foreign language） classrooms has received much attention in recent years However, little research exists that has investigated interaction in Chinese EFL classrooms. To bridge this gap, the current research investigates interaction in EFL classrooms in middle schools in China in terms of： （1） the amount of teacher talk and interaction; （2） the type of teacher questions and teacher feedbacks; and （3） the amount and forms of meaning negotiation. The data set include observation records and observation reports of 140 naturally occurring lessons in middle schools in China. The findings reveal that there is not much interaction in EFL lessons in middle schools in western areas of China, which is shown by class time dominated by TTT （teacher talking time）, teacher questions and feedbacks that do not encourage students＇ responses and very little negotiation of meaning Possible causes are analyzed, and implications of this research for EFL teaching in China, teacher development and further research are also discussed

加强教师队伍建设 全面推进素质教育

文章主要对全面推进素质教育必须首先加强教师队伍建设进行了论说。百年大计,教育为本。教育大计教师为本。全面提高教育质量,多出人才,出好人才,全面提高民族整体素质,必须首先提高全体教师的政治业务素质和教学能力。提高教师的整体素质,是教师队伍建设的根本出发点和归宿,是适应知识经济发展,强化知识创新意识,打好培养智力型、应用型、创造型人才的基础,是新形势下社会主义经济建设对教育提出的更新更高的要求,是全面推进素质教育的基本保证,这也是我们教师队伍完成跨世纪教育的光荣使命。

University English Teachers' Sense-Making of Their Classroom Practices

This paper reports a study which investigated the meanings a group of experienced English as Foreign Language （EFL） teachers at a Chinese university gave to their classroom practices. It uncovers for each teacher a conceptual framework for practice, which comprises teaching principles and strategic intentions. It reveals that teachers＇ frameworks for practice are an interwoven system of their most strongly held beliefs in language teaching and their perceptions of their teaching contexts, and that teachers＇ own learning and teaching experiences are important influences on their conceptualisations of classroom work. Findings of this research have implications for language teacher education and development.