干空气入侵对东北冷涡降水发展的影响

针对干空气入侵对东北冷涡降水发展的影响,应用WRF中尺度数值模式对2011年7月一次东北冷涡过程进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:干空气入侵对东北冷涡降水云系发展产生以下两方面的作用:一方面,密度较高的高层干冷空气下沉迫使干侵入前沿暖湿气流抬升,从而促进了东北冷涡降水发展;另一方面,下沉冷空气流向前推进"挤压"可导致冷空气前沿界面较为陡峭、层结不稳定,有助于云系垂直发展,降水主要集中于云系中部。

一次强风雹天气的干侵入作用及雷达回波特征分析

利用0.25°×0.25°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料等,对2018年6月13日发生在河南省北部地区的一次风雹天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)此次强风雹天气发生在华北冷涡后部西北气流中,强天气发生前大气整层较为干燥,冷涡后部横槽南下,自上而下带来干冷空气,低层水汽辐合与午后地面高温共同作用,形成上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结;(2)地面辐合线和弱冷锋是此次风雹天气的触发机制;(3)对流单体在干侵入的一侧首先发展加强,随后在地面辐合线附近不断产生小的对流单体,对流单体合并后进一步加强,逐渐形成弓形回波带,大风出现在回波带前地面辐合线附近,冰雹出现在中气旋左侧区域;(4)对流单体的移动方向与地面辐合线一致,地面辐合线稳定有利于对流系统的增强,地面辐合线断裂后对流系统迅速减弱、消亡。

红河州2019年春季3次冰雹天气特征分析

利用蒙自站探空资料、文山雷达站资料、普洱雷达站资料、NECP 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、EC 0.75°×0.75°再分析资料、中央气象台高空实况资料,对红河州2019年春季3次冰雹过程进行分析。结果表明,3次冰雹过程均为高空急流,配合南支槽东移引起的强对流天气;3次过程均构成“上干下湿”的不稳定层结条件,且上升运动越强,越有利于降雹;降雹前,红河州地区0℃层高度在4.5 km左右,-20℃层高度则分布在7~8 km;雷达图上,出现小冰雹的雷达回波也会出现回波顶偏移、弱回波区、“假尖顶”等回波特征,2 km以下会出现50 dBZ以上强回波中心,基本速度图上会伴随广阔的大风区。

2014年福建省首场暴雨过程分析

本文利用常规观测资料和Ncep再分析资料对2014年3月11日20时-12日20时福建省北部地区一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：这是一次中纬度槽与南支槽同位相叠加、西南低涡东北移动、西南急流加强、冷暖空气交汇情况下发生的暴雨过程。干冷空气入侵导致低层辐合加强，气旋加强，利于强降水的产生和维持。主要强雨区在高空急流入口区右侧、低层西南急流左前侧、低层切变南侧。比湿异常度能够更直观地表现出湿度条件的优劣。

Analysis on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and the Formation Reason in Wadi Bay Area of Libya

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the formation reason of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the dry valley area of Wadi Bay of Libya and provide the scientific basis for the reasonable development utilization and the environmental protection of groundwater.[Method] Took Wadi Bay area（dry valley）of Libya as the example,Piper trilinear graphic representation method,the descriptive statistics,the ion ratio coefficient method and the isotope evidence were used to systematically study the special hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in the arid climate condition in Wadi Bay area of Libya.[Result] The salt content of groundwater in the area was very high,and TDS was during 3.2-8.4 g/L.The main groundwater type was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca,then was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg.The concentrations of Cl-,Na＋ and SO2-4,etc.in the groundwater in 70 km from the sea had the remarkable variation,but the concentrations of Mn2＋,Ba2＋,Si2＋,NH＋4 and NO-3 didn＇t have the same variation phenomenon.[Conclusion] The hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater didn＇t relate to the dissolution infiltration reaction,the evaporation concentration effect and human activities.The major cause was the mixing effect of salt and fresh water in the invasion process of seawater.

西安东部一次局地短时强降水天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料,NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和卫星云图、多普勒雷达、微波辐射计等多源数据,对2019年8月9日西安东部发生的一次局地短时强降水天气过程进行较为全面的中尺度特征分析。结果表明,小尺度的地面辐合和地形抬升是该次短时强降水的触发及加强条件;台风外围的偏东气流为强降水提供了充足的水汽和不稳定能量,且前期大气层结显示出较强的对流不稳定,有利于短时强降水触发后较大能量的释放并提升降水效率。短时强降水发生阶段监测到明显的干冷空气侵入过程,干冷空气可触发新对流,加强不稳定层结,加快水滴蒸发以增加潜热,从而加强了短时强降水。雷达反射率图上显示西安东部位于蓝田上、下游的对流单体在蓝田县附近形成对峙,并不断合并加强,是造成该地较强短时强降水的主要原因之一。

Analyses of Dry Intrusion and Instability during a Heavy Rainfall Event that Occurred in Northern China

The 1°×1° National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） data and mesoscale numerical simulation data are analyzed to reveal a mechanism for the formation of heavy rainfall in Northern China; this mechanism is the non-uniformly saturated instability induced by a dry intrusion. The dry intrusion and the accompanying downward transport of air with a high value of potential vorticity （PV） are maintained during the precipitation event. As the dry air intrudes down into the warm and moist sector in the lower troposphere, the cold, dry air and the warm, moist air mix with each other, and, as a result, the atmosphere becomes non-uniformly saturated. On the basis of this non-uniform saturation, a new Brunt-Vaisaila frequency （BVF） formula is derived and applied to the precipitation event. It is shown that, compared to the conditions of either a dry or a saturated atmosphere, the BVF in a non-uniformly saturated, moist atmosphere （BVF） may be more appropriate for depicting the atmospheric instability in rainy regions.

Alien woody plant invasions in natural forests across China

Aims Alien plant invasion has become a major global environmental issue,causing severe economic and ecological damages.Severe invasions have been reported in some regions of China.However,most studies have been conducted at local and provincial levels,and the overall degree of invasion in natural forests across China remains unclear.Here,we explored the biogeographic patterns and their environmental and socioeconomic controls of the invaded alien woody plants in natural forests across the country.Methods We compiled the data of 3573 natural forest plots across the China's Mainland and mapped spatial distribution of alien woody plant invasion.We also used logistic regression models to identify the key socioeconomic and environmental factors that were associated with the observed invasion patterns.Important Findings We found that only 271 plots among 3573 natural forest plots were invaded by alien woody plants,accounting for 7.58%of all plots.Among all 2825 woody plant species across all plots surveyed,only 5 alien species(0.177%)were found.Both human activities and climate factors were related to the observed invasion patterns.Since China’s natural forests are mostly located in remote mountainous areas with limited human disturbance,alien woody plant invasions are less than those reported in North America and Europe.However,with the development of transportation and increased economic activities in mountainous areas,more invasions by alien plants may be expected in the future.Therefore,proactive management and policy making are desired to prevent or slow down the invasion processes.

Woody plant encroachment may decrease plant carbon storage in grasslands under future drier conditions

Aims Woody plants are widely distributed in various grassland types along the altitudinal/climatic gradients in Xinjiang,China.Considering previously reported change in carbon(C)storage following woody plant encroachment in grasslands and the mediating effect of climate on this change,we predicted that a positive effect of woody plants on plant C storage in semiarid grasslands may revert to a negative effect in arid grasslands.We first investigated the spatial variation of aboveground C(AGC)and belowground C(BGC)storage among grassland types and then tested our prediction.Methods We measured the living AGC storage,litter C(LC)and BGC storage of plants in two physiognomic types,wooded grasslands(aboveground biomass of woody plants at least 50%)and pure grasslands without woody plants in six grassland types representing a gradient form semiarid to arid conditions across Xinjiang.Important Findings Living AGC,LC,BGC and total plant C storage increased from desert to mountain meadows.These increases could also be explained by increasing mean annual precipitation(MAP)or decreasing mean annual temperature(MAT),suggesting that grassland types indeed represented an aridity gradient.Woody plants had an effect on the plant C storage both in size and in distribution relative to pure grasslands.The direction and strength of the effect of woody plants varied with grassland types due to the mediating effect of the climate,with wetter conditions promoting a positive effect of woody plants.Woody plants increased vegetation-level AGC through their high AGC relative to herbaceous plants.However,more negative effects of woody plants on herbaceous plants with increasing aridity led to a weaker increase in the living AGC in arid desert,steppe desert and desert steppe than in the less arid other grassland types.Under greater aridity(lower MAP and higher MAT),woody plants allocated less biomass to roots and had lower BGC and had a more negative impact on herbaceous plant production,thereby reducing vegetation-level BGC in the desert,steppe desert and desert steppe.In sum,this resulted in a negative effect of woody plants on total plant C storage in the most arid grasslands in Xinjiang.As a consequence,we predict that woody plant encroachment may decrease rather than increase C storage in grasslands under future drier conditions.

Chloride ion ingress distribution within an alternate wetting-drying marine environment area

Concrete structures in an alternate wetting-drying area often suffer from severe chloride ion ingress more than those in other areas. Field tests of marine structures were conducted, and chloride concentration is found to reach a maximum value at a certain elevation. The surface concentration and diffusion coefficient of chloride ions at different elevations exhibit Gaussian unimodal curve distributions. Using the chloride ion unsaturated permeability model, the distribution regularity mechanism is analyzed. Finally, an improved indoor accelerated simulation experiment is proposed to simulate the rules governing chloride ion ingress into concrete structures in an alternate wetting-drying area.

Non-invasive human extremely weak pulse wave measurement based on a high-precision laser self-mixing interferometer

In this paper, a technique based on laser self-mixing effect for acquiring pulse wave profile is proposed and demonstrated. For the characteristics of extremely weak vibration in human pulse waves, a method of multiple reflections with external cavity is designed to improve the measurement accuracy to λ/4. Based on the fringe counting algorithm, one period of pulse wave is successfully reconstructed. The measurement results show that the root mean square error(RMSE) of the reconstructed pulse wave is 0.912 μm at sampling rate of 8 k Hz. Besides, the correlation coefficients and heart beats of this method and the traditional photoplethysmography(PPG) measurement are analyzed.