基于用水效益函数的城市干旱损失评估方法

为定量评价干旱对城镇地区缺水和产业损失的影响,选取以地表径流为供水水源的湘江干流株洲段为研究区,基于水量平衡原理构建城市干旱指标(CWSI),以月为尺度,计算不同来水频率下区域可供水量、不同产业类型需水量。分别从水量短缺、水位取水困难两种角度,计算湘江株洲段1960—2018年历史来水情景下月尺度区域缺水量和干旱指数(CWSI)。采用经济学领域HARA函数反映经济效益随用水量的变化关系,进而得到缺水量-干旱损失响应关系。在此基础上,构建基于效益最优的缺水量配置动态优化模型,计算不同干旱程度下不同类型产业缺水配置规模,并采用抗旱定额法对配置成果进行验证,进而计算缺水量对应的干旱损失。依据CWSI指数变化,计算不同干旱等级下不同类型产业缺水损失;在多年平均缺水损失曲线基础上,依据当前月来水变化和前期来水亏缺,绘制典型年干旱动态损失变化曲线。研究结果表明:城市干旱具有边际损失高、发生频率低的特点,符合基于HARA用水效益函数构建的缺水损失变化规律,研究成果可为城市干旱风险评价、预警及抗旱定额管理提供理论依据。

基于WOFOST模型的辽西地区典型旱年不同播期玉米干旱损失评估

针对干旱灾害频发的辽西地区,以春玉米为研究对象,选取WOFOST作物模型,利用干旱胁迫控制试验数据、田间试验数据和气象数据驱动模型,进行典型旱年的模型适用性及不同播期的干旱损失评估研究。结果表明:经过参数校准后的WOFOST模型能够较好的模拟辽西地区典型旱年春玉米产量及损失。辽西地区不同播期受干旱的影响程度不同,因旱减产风险随播期推迟而减小,2015年(中旱)干旱导致的平均减产率可达59%—61%,2018年(轻旱)可达20%—39%,2020年(中旱)可达36%—62%。不同生育期内干旱对产量的影响程度不同,总体上拔节期—抽雄期和抽雄期—乳熟期持续重旱对产量的影响最大,其次是抽雄期—乳熟期、拔节期—抽雄期。玉米各生育期受干旱影响程度,朝阳站最大,其次是黑山站和阜新站。辽西地区在旱年,拔节期—抽雄期发生中旱和重旱风险随播期推迟而增加,抽雄期—乳熟期发生中旱和重旱风险随播期推迟而减少,当拔节期—抽雄期和抽雄期—乳熟期连续发生重旱,干旱灾损程度随播期推迟而加重,减产率可高达46%—84%。

Assessment on Agricultural Drought Risk Based on Variable Fuzzy Sets Model

Drought is one of the major natural disasters causing huge agricultural losses annually. Regional agricultural drought risk assessment has great significance for reducing regional disaster and agricultural drought losses. Based on the fuzzy characteristics of agricultural drought risk, variable fuzzy sets model was used for comprehensively assessing agricultural drought risk of Liaoning Province in China. A multi-layers and multi-indices assessment model was estab-lished according to variable fuzzy sets theory, and agricultural drought risk of all 14 prefecture-level cities was respec-tively estimated in terms of dangerousness, vulnerability, exposure and drought-resistibility. By calculating the combi-nation weights of four drought risk factors, agricultural drought risk grade of each city was obtained. Based on the as-sessment results, the spatial distribution maps of agricultural drought risk were drawn. The results shows that eastern cities have lower drought dangerousness than western cities in Liaoning Province totally. Most cities are located in low drought vulnerability region and high drought exposure region. Because of frequent and severe drought since 2000, most cities are located in lower drought-resistibility region. Comprehensive agricultural drought risk presents apparent spatial characteristics, escalating from the east to the west. Drought dangerousness is the most important factor influencing comprehensive agricultural drought risk. Through the spatial distribution maps of drought risk, decision makers could find out drought situation and make decisions on drought resistance conveniently.