论贸易干涉主义与主权平等

贸易干涉主义不是一个简单的贸易问题,而是国家利用贸易手段推行其政策,以达到一定的政治目的。贸易干涉主义还直接关系到国际法上一个根本性的问题.即国家主权问题。从法理上说,国家主权是一个国家独立自主处理内政、外交的资格和能力.主权的实现程度往往受制于国家的实力。贸易干涉主义恰好说明了主权的这种性质。在贸易干涉主义普遍存在的当今国际社会,主权平等还只是一个神话。

Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Land Subsidence Corresponding to Dynamic Groundwater Funnel in Beijing Municipality,China

Due to long-term over-exploitation of groundwater in Beijing Municipality, regional groundwater funnels have formed and land subsidence has been induced. By combining a groundwater monitoring network, GPS monitor- ing network data, radar satellite SAR data, GIS and other new technologies, a coupled process model based on the dy- namic variation of groundwater and the deformation response of land subsidence has been established. The dynamic variation of groundwater fimnels and the land subsidence response process were analyzed systematically in Beijing. Study results indicate that current groundwater funnel areas are distributed mainly in the southwest of Shunyi District, the northeast of Chaoyang District and the northwest of Tongzhou District, with an average decline rate of groundwa- ter level of 2.66 rn/yr and a maximum of 3.82 m/yr in the center of the funnels. Seasonal and interannual differences exist in the response model of land subsidence to groundwater funnels with uneven spatial and temporal distribution, where the maximum land subsidence rate was about --41.08 mm/yr and the area with a subsidence rate greater than 30 mm/yr was about 1637.29 km2. Although a consistency was revealed to exist between a groundwater funnel and the spatial distribution characteristics of the corresponding land subsidence funnel, this consistency was not perfect. The results showed that the response model of land subsidence to the dynamic variation of groundwater was more revealing when combining conventional technologies with InSAR, GIS, GPS, providing a new strategy for environmental and hydrogeological research and a scientific basis for regional land subsidence control.

The Logic of Contingency in China＇s Insistence on the Non-interference Principle

China＇s insistence on the non-interference principle has been increasingly inconsistent. While China＇s concern with sovereignty, regime security, and legitimacy, as well as its developing country identity, have pushed it to continue its insistence on the principle of non-interference, China＇s further adaptation to the international system, increasing engagement in intemational institutions, and new identity as a responsible power have led China to drag its feet on the same principle. To reconcile these competing forces, China has to make concessions, namely, setting preconditions to legitimize intervention, designing a sovereignty-first solution, and/or complementing the non-interference principle with alternative principles. China＇s application of the non-interference principle has thus been made contingent. It is more inflexible at one end of a spectrum and more flexible at the other end, with China＇s foreign policies shifting back and forth between them.

The Principle of Non-interference and its Application in Practices of Contemporary International Law

The principle of non-interference is that sovereign states shall not inter- vene in each other＇s internal affairs. It is the general principle of contemporary international law that the non-interference in each other＇s internal affairs is based on the respect for states＇ sovereignty and territorial integration, which governs the relations between states in regard to their rights and obligations. It has been estab- lished as the general principle of international law or customary law in compliance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. Nevertheless, its application depends on the determination of the matter in question within the domestic juris- diction and of the applicable international laws accordingly. It was and is still controversial in practices of international law to make such determination. This article focuses on the analysis of the principle of non-interference and its relation with the determination of domestic affairs, the relation between the principle of non- interference and the R2P, as well as the recent institutional development of global protection for human rights such as the HRC related to domestic affairs.

France and the First Sino-Japanese War,1894-1895

Around the time of the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, France reiterated that it had no direct interest in the Korean issue, and professed to be an onlooker. But from the very beginning, in fact, France viewed the war as an opportunity to consolidate its alliance with Russia and further encroach on China＇s southwest frontiers; it was therefore happy to see war break out between China and Japan, and took Russia＇s position on stopping Britain from playing a dominant role in mediation between them. As the outcome of the war became clear, exposing Japan＇s ambition to invade China, France turned from its wait-and-see attitude to intervention, taking an active part in the peacemaking activities of Russia, Britain and France and the triple intervention of Russia, France and Germany. In so doing, it attempted to safeguard general European interests and consolidate its alliance with Russia, as well as preventing Japan from replacing Europe as the dominant force in China. At the same time, it demanded a quidpro quo from the victim. During negotiation over the return of the Liaodong Peninsula, France put aside its conflicts mediate in disputes between Germany and with its old enemy Germany and endeavored to Russia so as to maintain concerted action under thetriple intervention. It proposed to sacrifice the interests of China to satisfy the wishes of Japan and Russia for a swift resolution of the issue of the Liaodong Peninsula.

Spectral spatial coherence of high-power multi-chip LEDs

We investigate the spatial coherence of the light generated from high-power multi-chip red LEDs by usmg the van Cittert- Zernike theorem. It is theoretically demonstrated that the light generated from multi-chip LEDs evolves into partially coherent light after propagation, and the spatial coherence is increased with the increase of propagation distance. Moreover, the spatial coherence of the light is found to be closely related to the chip distribution of multi-chip LEDs. The distribution of the spatial coherence of the light is experimentally examined by Young＇s double-slit interference. It is found that the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical ones.

WORLD

THE UNITED STATES U.S.scientists announce on February 11 that they have detected the existence of gravitational waves through the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory in Livingston,Louisiana（pictured above）.

Improved position estimates for the Chinese Deep Space Station Kashi derived by geodetic very long baseline interferometry

A dedicated 24 h S/X dual-band geodetic very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) experiment was conducted in January 2015 with the goal of improving the position estimates for the Chinese Deep Space Station Kashi. Previously, the position estimates had been only accurate to ~20 cm, which is insufficient for future Chinese deep space explorations. The experiment design and data reduction are described with special emphasis on the limited frequency ranges of Kashi for bandwidth synthesis. A narrowed multi-band delay search window based on post-fit residuals was utilized to resolve the sub-ambiguities due to the drop of a frequency channel in fringe fit, which saved ~22% of the observations from the affected baseline. Final position estimates of Kashi were obtained from the global solution by using more than 5300 international VLBI sessions from August 1979 to September 2015, and estimates were found to be accurate to about 10, 25, and 20 mm in the X, Y, and Z components. Various statistical tests were run, and the estimates and precisions are believed to be reliable.