The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire （USA） by using acoustic telemetry to track the moveme...The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire （USA） by using acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 37 adult Limulus, for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months. During the winter （December-March） horseshoe crabs moved very little. In the spring, when water temperatures exceeded II^C, horseshoe crabs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallower subtidal areas about a month prior to spawning. The mean distance traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ＋ 0.5 （n=20） km up the estuary. Mating occurred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areas adjacent to mating beaches. In the summer （July-Augnst）, animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 （n=26） km down the estuary, towards the ocean, and ranged widely, using extensive portions of the estuary. In the fall （September-November） movement was more limited （0.5 ± 0.5 km; n = 24） while animals settled into wintering locations, where they remained until spring. The mean annual linear range for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km （n =35） and the maximum distance traveled by an individual horseshoe crab within one year was 9.2 km. There was no evidence that any of the horseshoe crabs tracked during this study left the estuary展开更多
AIM:To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)patients presenting with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis. METHODS:Between 2001 and 2010,we recruited 76 co...AIM:To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)patients presenting with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis. METHODS:Between 2001 and 2010,we recruited 76 consecutive HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis,without co-existing metastasis from other sites.These patients were divided into three groups:untreated group(n=22),single treatment group(n= 19),and combined treatment group(n=35). RESULTS:Metastasis of bilateral lung lobes was common and noted in 35 patients(46.1%),and most of patients(59/76,77.6%)presented with multiple lung metastatic nodules.Nineteen patients(25.0%) received single-method treatment,including hepatectomy in 4,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in 6,radiotherapy in 5,and oral sorafenib in 4.Thirty-five patients(46.1%)received combined treatment modalities.The overall median survival of the all patients was 8.7±0.6 mo;4.1±0.3,6.3±2.5 and 18.6±3.9 mo, respectively in the untreated group,single treatment group and combined treatment group,respectively, with a significant difference(log-rank test,P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that Child-Pugh score, the absence or presence of portal vein tumor thrombus,and treatment modality were three independent prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with advanced HCC and concomitant lung metastasis. CONCLUSION:Combined treatment modalities tend to result in a better survival as compared with the conservative treatment or single treatment modality for HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis.展开更多
In this paper, we analytically discuss the scaling properties of the average square end-to-end distance < R-2 > for anisotropic random walk in D-dimensional space (D >= 2), and the returning probability P-n(r...In this paper, we analytically discuss the scaling properties of the average square end-to-end distance < R-2 > for anisotropic random walk in D-dimensional space (D >= 2), and the returning probability P-n(r(0)) for the walker into a certain neighborhood of the origin. We will not only give the calculating formula for < R-2 > and P-n(r(0)), but also point out that if there is a symmetric axis for the distribution of the probability density of a single step displacement, we always obtain < R-perpendicular to n(2) > similar to n, where perpendicular to refers to the projections of the displacement perpendicular to each symmetric axes of the walk; in D-dimensional space with D symmetric axes perpendicular to each other, we always have < R-n(2)> similar to n and the random walk will be like a purely random motion; if the number of inter-perpendicular symmetric axis is smaller than < R-n(2)> similar to n(2) the dimensions of the space, we must have n for very large n and the walk will be like a ballistic motion. It is worth while to point out that unlike the isotropic random walk in one and two dimensions, which is certain to return into the neighborhood of the origin, generally there is only a nonzero probability for the anisotropic random walker in two dimensions to return to the neighborhood.展开更多
Sufficient conditions are obtained for oscillation of certain quasilinear elliptic equations div(｜Du｜m-2A（x）Du)+p（x）｜u｜m-2u=0, x∈ΩRn, where Ω is an exterior domain, m>1, and p（x） is an alternating func...Sufficient conditions are obtained for oscillation of certain quasilinear elliptic equations div(｜Du｜m-2A（x）Du)+p（x）｜u｜m-2u=0, x∈ΩRn, where Ω is an exterior domain, m>1, and p（x） is an alternating function. The integral averaging technique is employed to establish our results.展开更多
In this paper,potential use of perfect but delayed channel estimates for variable-power discrete-rate adaptive modulation is explored.Research is concentrated on block by block adaptation.At first,a new quantity-TAUD(...In this paper,potential use of perfect but delayed channel estimates for variable-power discrete-rate adaptive modulation is explored.Research is concentrated on block by block adaptation.At first,a new quantity-TAUD(Tolerable Average Use Delay)is defined,it quantifies the performance of an adaptation scheme in tolerating the delay of channel estimates.Then,the research on TAUD shows that the delay tolerating performance declines with the increase in average power,the scheme working with more modulation modes can tolerate a longer delay,and such improvement will be more significant with the increase of average power.Finally,it shows that,as the delay tolerating performance determines the maximum block length,it has a great effect on the maximum spectral efficiency.The criterion for determining the block length appropriate for the target BER is described and a simple method of calculating the maximum block length is presented.展开更多
Objective： The treatment of subtrochanteric fractures is challenging and treatment modalities and implants are constantly evolving. This study attempts to revisit and compare extramedullary vs. intramedullary devices...Objective： The treatment of subtrochanteric fractures is challenging and treatment modalities and implants are constantly evolving. This study attempts to revisit and compare extramedullary vs. intramedullary devices in relatively young population. Methods： Thirty patients with subtrochanteric fractures were enrolled and treated with extramedullary or intramedullary devices and follow-up continued one year for clinico-radiological assessment. Results： The mean age of patients was 37,53 years. Most were males between 21-40 years. The dominant mode of injury was traffic accidents （66%）. Fractures were classified according to Russell-Taylor classification. Forty percent were Russell-Taylor type IA, 37% type IB and 23% type IIA. Average time to surgery was 3.6 days from the time of admission to hospital. Mean duration of surgery was 45 minutes for intramedullary device （group A） and 105 minutes for extramedullary device （group B）. Average blood loss was 100 ml in group A and 200 ml in group B. Mean duration of radiation exposure was 130 seconds and 140 seconds for groups A and B, while average duration of hospital stay was 12 days and 16 days respectively. Excellent results were seen in 47% of cases in group A and 33% of cases in group B. Conclusion： Intramedullary device is a reliable implant for subtrochanteric fractures. It has high rates of union with minimal soft-tissue damage. Intramedullary fixation has biological and biomechanical advantages, but surgery is technically demanding. Gradual learning and patience is needed to make this method truly rewarding.展开更多
基金supported by National Science Foundation grants NSF lOB 0517229 and NSF IOS 0920342 to WHW Ⅲ and CCC
文摘The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire （USA） by using acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 37 adult Limulus, for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months. During the winter （December-March） horseshoe crabs moved very little. In the spring, when water temperatures exceeded II^C, horseshoe crabs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallower subtidal areas about a month prior to spawning. The mean distance traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ＋ 0.5 （n=20） km up the estuary. Mating occurred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areas adjacent to mating beaches. In the summer （July-Augnst）, animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 （n=26） km down the estuary, towards the ocean, and ranged widely, using extensive portions of the estuary. In the fall （September-November） movement was more limited （0.5 ± 0.5 km; n = 24） while animals settled into wintering locations, where they remained until spring. The mean annual linear range for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km （n =35） and the maximum distance traveled by an individual horseshoe crab within one year was 9.2 km. There was no evidence that any of the horseshoe crabs tracked during this study left the estuary
基金Supported by Grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81000166Shanghai Science and Technology Development Commission,No.10411963300+1 种基金Shanghai Program for Excellent Talents in Health System,No.XYQ2011033Shanghai Health Bureau,No.ab8307000-2010-92
文摘AIM:To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)patients presenting with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis. METHODS:Between 2001 and 2010,we recruited 76 consecutive HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis,without co-existing metastasis from other sites.These patients were divided into three groups:untreated group(n=22),single treatment group(n= 19),and combined treatment group(n=35). RESULTS:Metastasis of bilateral lung lobes was common and noted in 35 patients(46.1%),and most of patients(59/76,77.6%)presented with multiple lung metastatic nodules.Nineteen patients(25.0%) received single-method treatment,including hepatectomy in 4,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in 6,radiotherapy in 5,and oral sorafenib in 4.Thirty-five patients(46.1%)received combined treatment modalities.The overall median survival of the all patients was 8.7±0.6 mo;4.1±0.3,6.3±2.5 and 18.6±3.9 mo, respectively in the untreated group,single treatment group and combined treatment group,respectively, with a significant difference(log-rank test,P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that Child-Pugh score, the absence or presence of portal vein tumor thrombus,and treatment modality were three independent prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with advanced HCC and concomitant lung metastasis. CONCLUSION:Combined treatment modalities tend to result in a better survival as compared with the conservative treatment or single treatment modality for HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis.
文摘In this paper, we analytically discuss the scaling properties of the average square end-to-end distance < R-2 > for anisotropic random walk in D-dimensional space (D >= 2), and the returning probability P-n(r(0)) for the walker into a certain neighborhood of the origin. We will not only give the calculating formula for < R-2 > and P-n(r(0)), but also point out that if there is a symmetric axis for the distribution of the probability density of a single step displacement, we always obtain < R-perpendicular to n(2) > similar to n, where perpendicular to refers to the projections of the displacement perpendicular to each symmetric axes of the walk; in D-dimensional space with D symmetric axes perpendicular to each other, we always have < R-n(2)> similar to n and the random walk will be like a purely random motion; if the number of inter-perpendicular symmetric axis is smaller than < R-n(2)> similar to n(2) the dimensions of the space, we must have n for very large n and the walk will be like a ballistic motion. It is worth while to point out that unlike the isotropic random walk in one and two dimensions, which is certain to return into the neighborhood of the origin, generally there is only a nonzero probability for the anisotropic random walker in two dimensions to return to the neighborhood.
文摘Sufficient conditions are obtained for oscillation of certain quasilinear elliptic equations div(｜Du｜m-2A（x）Du)+p（x）｜u｜m-2u=0, x∈ΩRn, where Ω is an exterior domain, m>1, and p（x） is an alternating function. The integral averaging technique is employed to establish our results.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61071087)Chun Lei 2009BWZ037 from SDUST,China
文摘In this paper,potential use of perfect but delayed channel estimates for variable-power discrete-rate adaptive modulation is explored.Research is concentrated on block by block adaptation.At first,a new quantity-TAUD(Tolerable Average Use Delay)is defined,it quantifies the performance of an adaptation scheme in tolerating the delay of channel estimates.Then,the research on TAUD shows that the delay tolerating performance declines with the increase in average power,the scheme working with more modulation modes can tolerate a longer delay,and such improvement will be more significant with the increase of average power.Finally,it shows that,as the delay tolerating performance determines the maximum block length,it has a great effect on the maximum spectral efficiency.The criterion for determining the block length appropriate for the target BER is described and a simple method of calculating the maximum block length is presented.
文摘Objective： The treatment of subtrochanteric fractures is challenging and treatment modalities and implants are constantly evolving. This study attempts to revisit and compare extramedullary vs. intramedullary devices in relatively young population. Methods： Thirty patients with subtrochanteric fractures were enrolled and treated with extramedullary or intramedullary devices and follow-up continued one year for clinico-radiological assessment. Results： The mean age of patients was 37,53 years. Most were males between 21-40 years. The dominant mode of injury was traffic accidents （66%）. Fractures were classified according to Russell-Taylor classification. Forty percent were Russell-Taylor type IA, 37% type IB and 23% type IIA. Average time to surgery was 3.6 days from the time of admission to hospital. Mean duration of surgery was 45 minutes for intramedullary device （group A） and 105 minutes for extramedullary device （group B）. Average blood loss was 100 ml in group A and 200 ml in group B. Mean duration of radiation exposure was 130 seconds and 140 seconds for groups A and B, while average duration of hospital stay was 12 days and 16 days respectively. Excellent results were seen in 47% of cases in group A and 33% of cases in group B. Conclusion： Intramedullary device is a reliable implant for subtrochanteric fractures. It has high rates of union with minimal soft-tissue damage. Intramedullary fixation has biological and biomechanical advantages, but surgery is technically demanding. Gradual learning and patience is needed to make this method truly rewarding.
