考虑风电消纳和热舒适度弹性的蓄热电采暖双层优化配置

蓄热电采暖因其用电时段可调、运行经济灵活,已经成为西北地区冬季取暖期重要的灵活性调节资源。合理地规划蓄热电采暖容量可以有效提高风电消纳水平,提升系统的运行经济性。为此,该文提出一种考虑热舒适度弹性和提升风电消纳的蓄热电采暖双层优化配置方法。通过引入热感觉平均标度预测(predicted mean vote,PMV)指标来量化用户的热舒适度,根据热舒适度弹性的限定范围确立热平衡区间约束。在分别分析系统风电消纳以及热舒适度弹性对蓄热电采暖容量配置的影响的基础上,建立兼顾风电消纳和热舒适度弹性的蓄热电采暖双层优化配置模型。上层以风电供热系统年化总成本最小为目标,下层以系统典型日运行成本最小为目标,通过上下层迭代求解蓄热电采暖最优容量配置以及系统运行方案。最后,基于实际算例验证了所提的蓄热电采暖配置方法可在保证供暖舒适度的基础上提升风电消纳水平和系统整体经济性。

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio （16：1）. Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard （GB 3097-1997） for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-R The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.

A novel scale-free network model based on clique growth

A novel scale-flee network model based on clique （complete subgraph of random size） growth and preferential attachment was proposed. The simulations of this model were carried out. And the necessity of two evolving mechanisms of the model was verified. According to the mean-field theory, the degree distribution of this model was analyzed and computed. The degree distribution function of vertices of the generating network P（d） is 2m^2m1^-3（d-m1 ＋ 1）^-3, where m and m1 denote the number of the new adding edges and the vertex number of the cliques respectively, d is the degree of the vertex, while one of cliques P（k） is 2m^2Ek^-3, where k is the degree of the clique. The simulated and analytical results show that both the degree distributions of vertices and cliques follow the scale-flee power-law distribution. The scale-free property of this model disappears in the absence of any one of the evolving mechanisms. Moreover, the randomicity of this model increases with the increment of the vertex number of the cliques.

高变异药物生物等效性评价的几种解决方法初探

实现生物等效是仿制药一致性评价工作中的重要结论性评判标准,近年来得到国家食品药品监督管理总局药品审评中心高度重视。然而,由于通常需要更大的样本量或更多的试验周期,高变异药物(HVD)生物等效性评价仍有难度,尤其是试验设计和统计方法存在较多争论,困扰着众多医药工作者。为此,本文将针对这些争论焦点问题,分析总结几种目前国际上基于节省样本量和试验周期数的对高(或超高)变异药物生物等效性的评价技术和方法,旨在为降低我国HVD的仿制风险提供借鉴与参考。

Evaluating the Algorithm for Correction of the Bright Band Effects in QPEs with S-, C-and X-Band Dual-Polarized Radars

The bright band, a layer of enhanced radar reflectivity associated with melting ice particles, is a major source of signifi- cant overestimation in quantitative precipitation estimation （QPE） based on the Z-R （reflectivity factor-rain rate） relationship. The effects of the bright band on radar-based QPE can be eliminated by vertical profile of reflectivity （VPR） correction. In this study, we applied bright-band correction algorithms to evaluate three different bands （S-, C- and X-band） of dual-polarized radars and to reduce overestimation errors in Z-R relationship-based QPEs. After the reflectivity was corrected by the algo- rithms using average VPR （AVPR） alone and a combination of average VPR and the vertical profile of the copolar correlation coefficient （AVPR＋CC）, the QPEs were derived. The bright-band correction and resulting QPEs were evaluated in eight precipitation events by comparing to the uncorrected reflectivity and rain-gange observations, separately. The overestimation of Z-R relationship-based QPEs associated with the bright band was reduced after correction by the two schemes for which hourly rainfall was less than 5 mm. For the verification metrics of RMSE （root-mean-square error）, RMAE （relative mean absolute error） and RMB （relative mean bias） of QPEs, averaged over all eight cases, the AVPR method improved from 2.28, 0.94 and 0.78 to 1.55, 0.60 and 0.40, respectively, while the AVPR＋CC method improved to 1.44, 0.55 and 0.30, respectively. The QPEs after AVPR＋CC correction had less overestimation than those after AVPR correction, and similar conclusions were drawn for all three different bands of dual-polarized radars.

Analysis of Nitrates and Nitrites in Groundwater of Ilorin Environs

The levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water from two local government areas in Ilorin, Kwara State were determined using HACH DR/EL 5 Spectrnphotometer over a period of four months. The average mean concentration of nitrate （NO3-N） in borehole is 0.185 mg/L and for nitrites （NO2-N） is 0.044 mg/L. The mean concentration in well for the nitrate （NOs-N） is 0.915 mg/L and for nitrites is 0.087 mg/L. The observed means as well as the highest single-point values for both nitrates and nitrites in groundwater are well below WHO （World Health Organisation） MCL （maximum contaminant level） of 10.0 mg/L nitrate as NO3-N and 3.0 mg/L nitrite as NO2-N. The values are also below the NSDWQ＇s （Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality） maximum permitted level of 50 mg/L nitrate as NO3-N and 0.2 mg/L nitrite as NO2-N.

Chemical Contamination and Radiological Risk Assessment of Water Sources in Richards Bay

South Africa is pronounced a dry country. Though KwaZulu-Natal has a higher rain fall than most part of the country, it has recorded cases of austere droughts. The present study was aimed at examining the quality of water within Richards Bay precinct in relation to South African target water quality range （TWQR）. Fifty water samples were collected from five water sources （effluent, stream, Mzingazi River, Indian Ocean and Esikawini drinking tap water） and analyzed using ICP-MS technique to determine the concentrations of some traced metals i.e., Fe, Cu, T1, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Ni. The main impurities were found to be Cd, Mn and As with concentrations of 2.21 × 10^0mg. l-1, 7.19 × 10-1mg.l-1and 2.72 ×10-3mg. 1-1 respectively. The surface gross alpha contamination of mineral stores within the facilities ranges from 1.00 × 10-4 ± 1.5 × 10-2 Bq.cm-2 to 1.45× 10-2 ±4.20 ×10-3Bq.cm-2 with a mean concentration of 1.15 × 10-2 ±1.36 ×10-2Bq.cm-2while the gross beta contamination ranges from 1.00 ×10-3 ± 1.14 × 10-ZBq, cm-2 to 4.15 × 10-2 ± 2.17 × 10-2Bq. cm-2 with a mean concentration of 2.15 ×10-2 ±1.80×10-2Bq. cm-2. The result indicated that the water quality was acceptable.

Preliminary genetic linkage map of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor Reeve

Haliotis diversicolor Reeve is one of the most important mollusks cultured in South China. Preliminary genetic linkage maps were constructed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 2 596 AFLP markers were obtained from 28 primer combinations in two parents and 78 offsprings. Among them, 412 markers (15.9%) were polymorphic and segregated in the mapping family. Chi-square tests showed that 151 (84.4%) markers segregated according to the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio (P<0.05) in the female parent, and 200 (85.8%) in the male parent. For the female map, 179 markers were used for linkage analysis and 90 markers were assigned to 17 linkage groups with an average interval length of 25.7 cm. For the male map, 233 markers were used and 94 were mapped into 18 linkage groups, with an average interval of 25.0 cm. The estimated genome length was 2 773.0 cm for the female and 2 817.1 cm for the male map. The observed length of the linkage map was 1 875.2 cm and 1 896.5 cm for the female and male maps, respectively. When doublets were considered, the map length increased to 2 152.8 cm for the female and 2 032.7 cm for the male map, corresponding to genome coverage of 77.6% and 72.2%, respectively.

强子物理学的平均质量效应与氵弥散方程(S=4～1800GeV)(英文)

相对氵弥散度的普适表达式可写为αＮ＝αａｂｅｘｐ［２Ｃａｂ／〈Ｎ〉］１／αＮ＝Ｄ２Ｎ／〈Ｎ〉２．具重整化群算子的氵弥散方程依赖于能量．对于单个强子发射源，ＫＮＯ标度仍被平均质量〈ｍＢ〉所破坏，〈ｍＢ〉是跑动耦合常数αｓ的函数（ＱＣＤ）．由于存在〈（Ｎｉ（Ｎｊ）〉关联，因此只存在π介子与Ｋ介子的平均标度分布（ａＮπ／〈Ｎπ〉）νＫν（ａＮπ／〈Ｎπ〉）与（ａＮＫ／〈ＮＫ〉）νＫν（ａＮＫ／〈ＮＫ〉）．

强子物理中动量的(aQ)~νK_ν(aQ)标度分布(英文)

对固定的Ｎ在紫外固定点（β（ｇ※Ｒ）＝０），γＢ（ｇ※Ｒ）＝－０．０４５±０．０１２（－３γＢ＝αｓ，ＱＣＤ），单个发射源之内，陶标度（ａＱ⊥）νＫν（ａＱ⊥）分布成立（Ｓ＝２～１８００ＧｅＶ），这是强相互作用的非线性关联〈ｐ⊥（Ｎ）〉Ｎ／〈Ｎ〉，〈ｐ⊥（Ｍｉ）〉Ｍｉ／〈Ｍ〉与〈Ｎ（ｐ⊥）〉ｐ⊥／〈ｐ⊥〉存在的缘故．实验上适当迭代地截除动量可得枚举平均标度动量分布．Ｊ源作为整体而运动，质心系中的的罗仑兹因子为γＪ．

盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 评价空腹和餐后口服2种盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片的生物等效性,以及评估两制剂的安全性。方法 空腹和餐后分别采用随机、开放、两制剂、四周期/三周期、双序列/三序列、完全重复/部分重复(仅重复参比制剂)的平均生物等效性试验设计。空腹和餐后分别入组46例和36例健康受试者,随机交叉单次口服盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂25 mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中帕罗西汀的浓度。使用SAS V9.4软件进行药代动力学分析、生物等效性评价和安全性统计分析。通过参比制剂标度的平均生物等效性(RSABE)的方法来评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果 空腹组受试制剂和参比制剂帕罗西汀的主要药代动力学参数C_(max)分别为(6.10±5.34)和(5.11±4.91)ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为(178.46±228.48)和(155.52±228.22)ng·h·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(193.95±284.85)和(174.57±315.52)ng·h·mL^(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(15.54±5.96)和(15.73±6.66)h。餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂帕罗西汀C_(max)分别为(7.38±7.56)和(6.00±4.93)ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为(207.73±251.73)和(166.59±173.34)ng·h·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(219.95±279.84)和(176.75±199.82)ng·h·mL^(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(15.04±4.11)和(14.63±3.94)h。在空腹和餐后条件下,参比制剂帕罗西汀的PK参数C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)的个体内变异系数均大于30%,故空腹和餐后均采用RSABE方法进行生物等效性评价。空腹状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)的95%置信区间上限值均小于0,几何均值比的点估计值分别为119.32%,122.59%和122.27%。餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)的95%置信区间上限值均小于0,几何均值比的点估计值分别为113.05%,119.14%和118.88%。空腹组和餐后组的不良事件发生率分别为37.78%和48.57%,研究过程中无严重不良事件发生。结论 在空腹和餐后状态下,盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片的受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性,且安全性良好。

硫酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊在中国健康人体内的生物等效性试验

目的:评价空腹单剂量口服硫酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂在中国健康人体中的生物等效性。方法:本研究采用随机、开放、单剂量、三周期、部分重复、三交叉试验设计,共入组健康男性和女性30例,单剂量空腹口服受试制剂和参比制剂硫酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊0.25 g。采用LC-MS/MS测定给药后血浆氨基葡萄糖药物浓度。使用WinNonlin 6.3软件计算非房室模型药动学(PK)参数,采用参比制剂标度的平均生物等效性(RSABE)方法,使用SAS企业版7.1版软件进行等效性评价。结果:经基线校正后的受试制剂和参比制剂中氨基葡萄糖Cmax分别为(585.0±282.2)和(641.0±293.6) ng·mL^(-1),Tmax分别为1.5 h(0.5,5.0 h)和1.5 h(0.5,5.0 h),t1/2分别为(1.8±1.4)和(1.5±0.5) h,AUC0~t分别为(2 089.2±749.5)和(2 298.2±928.4) ng·h·mL^(-1),AUC0~∞分别为(2 095.3±749.7)和(2 303.1±929.0) ng·h·mL^(-1)。受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0~t,AUC0~∞和Cmax的几何均数比值(受试制剂/参比制剂)的90%置信区间介于拓宽的等效范围74.9%~133.6%和70.1%~142.7%,同时介于未拓宽的等效范围80.0%~125.0%。结论:硫酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂在空腹服用的情况下生物等效。

Heavy Metal Contamination of Agricultural Soils in Taiyuan, China

To evaluate the current state of the environmental quality of agricultural soils in Taiyuan City, a hotspot for China's industrial development, the concentrations of 8 heavy metals in soils were investigated by means of extensive sampling in farmlands, forestlands,and grasslands in the city. Statistical analyses and spatial distribution maps were used to identify the most significant heavy metal pollutants. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr were slightly higher than their background values in Taiyuan's topsoil, but were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations in the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for agricultural soils. Farmland soils in Taiyuan had the highest average Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cr concentrations, but the As and Ni concentrations did not differ significantly among the farmland, forestland, and grasslands. Soil contamination by Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb,Zn, and Cr was mainly derived from farming practices, especially the use of sewage water for irrigation. In contrast, As and Ni might derive mainly from the soil parent material. The identification of heavy metal sources in agricultural soils may provide a basis for taking appropriate action to protect soil quality.

Mean field study of a propagation-turnover lattice model for the dynamics of histone marking

We present a mean field study of a propagation-tumover lattice model, which was proposed by Hodges and Crabtree [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 109, 13296 （2012）] for understanding how posttranslational histone marks modulate gene expression in mammalian ceils. The kinetics of the lattice model consists of nucleation, propagation and turnover mechanisms, and exhibits second-order phase transition for the histone marking domain. We showed rigorously that the dynamics essentially depends on a non-dimensional parameter k = k＋/k-, the ratio between the propagation and turnover rates, which has been observed in the simulations. We then studied the lowest order mean field approximation, and observed the phase transition with an analytically obtained critical parameter. The boundary layer analysis was utilized to investigate the structure of the decay profile of the mark density. We also studied the higher order mean field approximation to achieve sharper estimate of the critical transition parameter and more detailed features. The comparison between the simulation and theoretical results shows the validity of our theory.

On the complexity of average path length for biological networks and patterns

Path length calculation is a frequent requirement in studies related to graph theoretic problems such as genetics. Standard method to calculate average path length （APL） of a graph requires traversing all nodes in the graph repeatedly, which is computationally expensive for graphs containing large number of nodes. We propose a novel method to calculate APL for graphs commonly required in the studies of genetics. The proposed method is computationally less expensive and less time-consuming compared to standard method.