AIM:To test the efficacy and safety of Profermin in inducing remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:The study included 39 patients with mild to moderate UC defined as a Simple Clinical Coliti...AIM:To test the efficacy and safety of Profermin in inducing remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:The study included 39 patients with mild to moderate UC defined as a Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index(SCCAI)>4 and<12(median:7.5),who were treated open-label with Profermintwice daily for 24 wk.Daily SCCAI was reported observer blinded via the Internet.RESULTS:In an intention to treat(ITT)analysis,the mean reduction in SCCAI score was 56.5%.Of the 39 patients,24(62%)reached the primary endpoint,which was proportion of patients with≥50%reduction in SCCAI.Our secondary endpoint,the proportion of patients in remission defined as SCCAI≤2.5,was in ITT analysis reached in 18 of the 39 patients(46%).In a repeated-measure regression analysis,the estimated mean reduction in score was 5.0 points(95%CI:4.1-5.9,P<0.001)and the estimated mean time taken to obtain half the reduction in score was 28 d(95%CI:26-30).There were no serious adverse events(AEs)or withdrawals due to AEs.Profermin was generally well tolerated.CONCLUSION:Profermin is safe and may be effective in inducing remission of active UC.展开更多
Radiative efficiency is an important physical parameter that describes the fraction of accretion material converted to radiative energy for accretion onto massive black holes （MBHs）. With the simplest Sottan argumen...Radiative efficiency is an important physical parameter that describes the fraction of accretion material converted to radiative energy for accretion onto massive black holes （MBHs）. With the simplest Sottan argument, the radiative efficiency of MBHs can be estimated by matching the mass density of MBHs in the local universe to the accreted mass density by MBHs during AGN/QSO phases. In this paper, we estimate the local MBH mass density through a combination of various determinations of the correlations between the masses of MBHs and the properties of MBH host galaxies, with the distribution functions of those galaxy properties. We also estimate the total energy density radiated by AGNs and QSOs by using various AGN/QSO X-ray luminosity functions in the literature. We then obtain several hundred estimates of the mean radiative efficiency of AGNs/QSOs. Under the assumption that those estimates are independent of each other and free of systematic effects, we apply the median statistics as described by Gott et al. and find the mean radiative efficiency of AGNs/QSOs is ε = 0.105＋0.006- 0.008, which is consistent with the canonical value -0.1. Considering that about 20% Compton-thick objects may be missed from current available X-ray surveys, the true mean radiative efficiency may be actually -0.12.展开更多
基金Supported by Danish Innovation Law Grant,J.nr.3414-06-01530from the Danish Food Industry Agency under the Ministry of Food,Agriculture and FisheriesNordisk Rebalance,who developed and manufactured Profermin,and partly financed the study
文摘AIM:To test the efficacy and safety of Profermin in inducing remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:The study included 39 patients with mild to moderate UC defined as a Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index(SCCAI)>4 and<12(median:7.5),who were treated open-label with Profermintwice daily for 24 wk.Daily SCCAI was reported observer blinded via the Internet.RESULTS:In an intention to treat(ITT)analysis,the mean reduction in SCCAI score was 56.5%.Of the 39 patients,24(62%)reached the primary endpoint,which was proportion of patients with≥50%reduction in SCCAI.Our secondary endpoint,the proportion of patients in remission defined as SCCAI≤2.5,was in ITT analysis reached in 18 of the 39 patients(46%).In a repeated-measure regression analysis,the estimated mean reduction in score was 5.0 points(95%CI:4.1-5.9,P<0.001)and the estimated mean time taken to obtain half the reduction in score was 28 d(95%CI:26-30).There were no serious adverse events(AEs)or withdrawals due to AEs.Profermin was generally well tolerated.CONCLUSION:Profermin is safe and may be effective in inducing remission of active UC.
基金the National Key Program for Science and Technology Research and Development(Grant No.2016YFA0400704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11373031,and11390372)the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB 23040100)
文摘Radiative efficiency is an important physical parameter that describes the fraction of accretion material converted to radiative energy for accretion onto massive black holes （MBHs）. With the simplest Sottan argument, the radiative efficiency of MBHs can be estimated by matching the mass density of MBHs in the local universe to the accreted mass density by MBHs during AGN/QSO phases. In this paper, we estimate the local MBH mass density through a combination of various determinations of the correlations between the masses of MBHs and the properties of MBH host galaxies, with the distribution functions of those galaxy properties. We also estimate the total energy density radiated by AGNs and QSOs by using various AGN/QSO X-ray luminosity functions in the literature. We then obtain several hundred estimates of the mean radiative efficiency of AGNs/QSOs. Under the assumption that those estimates are independent of each other and free of systematic effects, we apply the median statistics as described by Gott et al. and find the mean radiative efficiency of AGNs/QSOs is ε = 0.105＋0.006- 0.008, which is consistent with the canonical value -0.1. Considering that about 20% Compton-thick objects may be missed from current available X-ray surveys, the true mean radiative efficiency may be actually -0.12.
