米饭巧蒸五法

加醋蒸米饭法 煮熟的米饭不宜久放,尤其夏季米饭很容易变馊。若在蒸米饭时,按1500克米加2—3毫升醋的比例放些食醋,可使米饭易于存放和防馊,而且蒸出的米饭并无酸味,相反饭香更浓。

Decompression of the small bowel by endoscopic long-tube placement

AIM:To investigate and compare the decompression effect on small bowel obstruction of a long tube inserted using either endoscopic or fluoroscopic placement.METHODS:Seventy-eight patients with small bowel obstruction requiring decompression were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups.Intubation of a long tube was guided by fluoroscopy in one group and by endoscopy in the other.The duration of the procedure and the success rate for each group were evaluated.RESULTS:A statistically significant difference in the mean duration of the procedure was found between the fluoroscopic group(32.6±14.6 min)and the endoscopic group(16.5±7.8 min)among the cases classified as successful(P<0.05).The success rate was significantly different between the groups:88.6%in the fluoroscopic group and 100%in the endoscopic group(P <0.05).CONCLUSION:For patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction,long-tube decompression is recommended and long-tube insertion by endoscopy was superior to fluoroscopic placement.

Improved techniques for double-balloon-enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

AIM: To investigate the clinical outcome of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE)-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (DB-ERCP) in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. METHODS: Between September 2006 and April 2011, 47 procedures of DB-ERCP were performed in 28 patients with a Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy (n = 11), Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy (n = 15), or Roux-en-Y anastomosis with hepaticojejunostomy (n = 2). DB-ERCP was performed using a short-type DBE combined with several technical innovations such as using an endoscope attachment, marking by submucosal tattooing,selectively applying contrast medium, and CO2 insufflations. RESULTS: The papilla of Vater or hepaticojejunostomy site was reached in its entirety with a 96% success rate (45/47 procedures). There were no significant differences in the success rate of reaching the blind end with a DBE among Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy (96%), Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction (94%), or pancreatoduodenectomy (100%), respectively (P = 0.91). The total successful rate of cannulation and contrast enhancement of the target bile duct in patients whom the blind end was reached with a DBE was 40/45 procedures (89%). Again, there were no significant differences in the success rate of cannulation and contrast enhancement of the target bile duct with a DBE among Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy (88 %), Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction (89%), or pancreatoduodenectomy (100%), respectively (P = 0.67). Treatment was achieved in all 40 procedures (100%) in patients whom the contrast enhancement of the bile duct was successful. Common endoscopic treatments were endoscopic biliary drainage (24 procedures) and extraction of stones (14 procedures). Biliary drainage was done by placement of plastic stents. Stones extraction was done by lithotomy with the mechanical lithotripter followed by extraction with a basket or by the balloon pull-through method. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 14 procedures with a needle precutting knife using a guidewire. The mean total duration of the procedure was 93.6 ± 6.8 min and the mean time required to reach the papilla was 30.5 ± 3.7 min. The mean time required to reach the papilla tended to be shorter in Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction (20.9 ± 5.8 min) than that in Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy (37.1 ± 4.9 min) but there was no significant difference (P = 0.09). A major complication occurred in one patient (3.5%); perforation of the long limb in a patient with Billroth Ⅱ anastomosis.CONCLUSION: Short-type DBE combined with several technical innovations enabled us to perform ERCP in most patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy.

Clinicopathological Analysis of 155 Patients with Persistent Isolated Hematuria

Objectives To reveal etiologies of persistent isolated hematuria （PIH） through ultrastructural pathological examination, to disclose clinicopathological correlation in cases with PIH, and to summarize appropriate management of patients with PIH. Methods we retrospectively studied 155 P1H patients receiving renal biopsy between January, 2003 and December, 2008 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All the clinical data and follow-up result were analyzed. Results All subjects included 38 children and 117 adults, with mean age of 11.38±3.25 years for children and 35.17±8.44 years for adults. Thin basement membrane nephropathy （TBMN） was the most common pathology （55.3% of children and 49.6% of adults）, followed by IgA nephropathy （18.4% of children and 32.5% of adults, mainly grade 2-3） and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis （MsPGN） without IgA deposition （13.2% of children and 12.8% of adults）. Besides, A1port syndrome （2.6% of children） and membrane nephropathy （2.6% of children and 0.9% of adults） were demonstrated as other causes of PIH. Elevated mean arteral pressure or protein excretion rate, as well as episodic macrohematuria, indicated higher risk for MsPGN rather than TBMN. On the other hand, severity of microhematuria was irrelevant to pathological types of PIH. Totally, 86 patients were followed up and 37 cases therein stayed on track for long term （mean duration 41.11±28.92 months, range 8-113 months）. Most cases had benign clinical course except 3 cases with TBMN, 5 cases with IgA nephropathy, 1 case with MsPGN （without IgA deposition）, and 1 case with Alport syndrome, who developed hypertension or proteinuria. All of them were administered timely intervention. Conclusions Close follow-up should be required as the primary management for PIH. Equally important is careful monitoring for early identification of undesirable predictors; while renal biopsy and other timely intervention are warranted if there is hypertension, significant proteinuria or renal impairment.

Modified Recursive Least Squares Algorithm with Variable Parameters and Resetting for Time-Varying System

Based on the idea of the set-membership identification, a modified recursive least squares algorithm with variable gain, variable forgetting factor and resetting is presented. The concept of the error tolerance level is proposed. The selection criteria of the error tolerance level are also given according to the min-max principle. The algorithm is particularly suitable for tracing time-varying systems and is similar in computational complexity to the standard recursive least squares algorithm. The superior performance of the algorithm is verified ma simulation studies on a dynamic fermentation process.

Clinical analysis of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 83 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LANSCLC). Methods:83 cases of patients who have been diagnosed for locally advanced NSCLC by determined cytology or pathology were divided into two groups randomly, 42 patients in NP group and 41 patients in EP group. All patients accepted thoracic three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and concurrent either NP chemotherapy in NP group or EP chemotherapy in EP group. 3D-CRT were started on day 1 in the first cycle of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy were carried out for 4 cycles, every cycle was 21 days. Thoracic radiotherapy adopted conventional fractionated irradiation with 15 MeV-X ray, a total dose of 60 Gy. Results: In 83 patients were evaluable, there were 5 cases complete regression to be observed, 29 cases had partial regression (PR), 7 cases with stable disease (SD) and 1 case with progression disease (PD) in NP group. CR 3 cases, PR 27 cases, SD 9 cases and PD 2 cases in EP group. The overall response rate (RR) both NP group and EP group were 80.9%, 73.2%, respectively (P = 0.785).1-, 2-, 3-year survival rate were 90.5%, 69.0%, 28.6% and 82.9%, 51.2%, 21.9%, respectively (P = 0.393). The incidence of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in NP group was higher than that in the EP group (P < 0.05). Conclusion:CCRT in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, 3D-CRT with concurrent NP or EP chemotherapy. 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival (OS) and average survival time (AST) were not statistically differences, a higher incidence of toxicities were observed in NP group but can be tolerable.

Some Discussions on Parallel Bounded Batch Scheduling to Minimize the Sum of Squared Machine Loads

We sttidy the problem of scheduling n jobs on m parallel bounded batch machines to minimize the sum of squared machine loads. Each batch contains at most B jobs, and the processing time of a batch is equal to the longest processing time of the jobs in this batch. We prove this problem to be NP-hard. Furthermore, we present a polynomial time approximation scheme （PTAS） and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme （FPTAS） for this problem.

The multi-motion-overlap algorithms for minimizing the time between successive scans of wafer stage

In order to optimize the transitional time during the successive exposure scans for a step-and-scan lithography and improve the productivity in a wafer production process, an investigation of the motion trajectory planning along the scanning direction for wafer stage was carried out. The motions of wafer stage were divided into two respective logical moves （i. e. step-move and scan-move） and the multi-motionoverlap algorithms （MMOA） were presented for optimizing the transitional time between the successive exposure scans. The conventional motion planning method, the Hazelton method and the MMOA were analyzed theoretically and simulated using MATLAB under four different exposure field sizes. The results show that the total time between two successive scans consumed by MMOA is reduced by 4.82%, 2.62%, 3.06% and 3.96%, compared with those of the conventional motion planning method; and reduced by 2.58%, 0.76%, 1.63% and 2.92%, compared with those of the Hazehon method respectively. The theoretical analyses and simulation results illuminate that the MMOA can effectively minimize the transitional step time between successive exposure scans and therefore increase the wafer fabricating productivity.

三访德国矿城——乌那市(续)

二、与德国居民郊游联欢 五月二十九日,是一个阳光明媚的日子。我们一行七人,应小卫士(我们的班主任克来委喜特的昵称)的邀请,分乘他和其弟的小汽车,沿着宽阔平坦的高速公路,向四十公里外的乌那市飞驰。半小时后,来到小卫士的父母家。后又到百米外他的老丈人家照了个面。出门刚走了一百多米。

Global structure and seasonal variations of the migrating 6-h tide observed by SABER/TIMED

Ten years of SABER/TIMED temperature data are used to analyze the global structure and seasonal variations of the migrating 6-h tide from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. The amplitudes of the migrating 6-h tide increase with altitudes. In the stratosphere, the migrating 6-h tide peaks around 35°N/S. The climatologically annual mean of the migrating 6-h tide clearly shows the manifestation of the(4, 6) Hough mode between 70 and 90 km that peaks at the equator and near 35°N/S. Above 90 km, the 6-h tide shows more than one Hough mode with the(4, 6) mode being the dominant one. The migrating 6-h tide is stronger in the southern hemisphere. Annual, semiannual, 4-, and 3-month oscillations are the four dominant seasonal variations of the tidal amplitude. In the stratosphere and stratopause, the spring enhancement of the 6-h tide at middle latitudes is the most conspicuous feature. From the mesosphere to the lower thermosphere, the tidal amplitude at low latitudes is gradually in the scale of that at middle latitudes and exhibits different temporal variations at different altitudes and latitudes. Both ozone heating in the stratosphere and the background atmosphere probably affect the generation and the seasonal variations of the migrating 6-h tide. In addition, the non-linear interaction between different tidal harmonics is another possible mechanism.