西南民族地区南侗村寨干栏民居景观基因识别与提取研究--以广西三江侗族自治县平岩村为例

根据传统聚落景观基因理论,以南侗地区三江侗族自治县平岩村为研究定位,依据景观基因理论的核心原则及属性分类原理,构建侗族传统干栏民居景观基因认知与识别系统,精准提取其“主体”景观基因为“立面形态”;“附着”景观基因为“局部装饰”;“变异”景观基因为“平面布局、建筑结构、建造材料”。旨在从景观基因视角明确识别、精准提取并赓续侗族传统干栏民居的特色构造,拓展景观基因理论的应用领域,补充其内容体系,以期为三江侗族自治县平岩村在新时代推进乡土特色文旅产业振兴以及对传统干栏民居景观基因保护与延续提供方法支持。

平岩苗语特点概述

苗语属汉藏语系苗瑶语族苗语支的语言。由于苗族居住的分布范围广且大分散、小聚居,所以在语言的使用上也极其复杂。对苗语方言、次方言和土语的划分,从20世纪50年代中期以来就有不同的界定。21世纪后,随着语言学家对苗语调查的不断深入,原方言、土语"归属未定"的苗语通过大量的语料已得到厘清,如在苗语西部方言原只划定的川黔滇、惠水、麻山、重安江、滇东北、贵阳、罗泊河七个次方言中经调查论证后又新增了平塘次方言,至此,苗语西部方言内部就有八个次方言,这是较为准确的苗语次方言的使用情况定位。新增的平塘次方言有四个土语,在此以其中一个土语的语音点罗甸县平岩苗语作为调查点,就其语音、词汇和语法的一些基本情况作简浅概述。

Influence of joint spacing and rock characteristics on the toppling stability of cut rock slope through a simplified limit equilibrium method

Toppling failure of rock mass/soil slope is an important geological and environmental problem.Clarifying its failure mechanism under different conditions has great significance in engineering.The toppling failure of a cutting slope occurred in a hydropower station in Kyushu,Japan illustrates that the joint characteristic played a significant role in the occurrence of rock slope tipping failure.Thus,in order to consider the mechanical properties of jointed rock mass and the influence of geometric conditions,a simplified analytical approach based on the limit equilibrium method for modeling the flexural toppling of cut rock slopes is proposed to consider the influence of the mechanical properties and geometry condition of jointed rock mass.The theoretical solution is compared with the numerical solution taking Kyushu Hydropower Station in Japan as one case,and it is found that the theoretical solution obtained by the simplified analysis method is consistent with the numerical analytical solution,thus verifying the accuracy of the simplified method.Meanwhile,the Goodman-Bray approach conventionally used in engineering practice is improved according to the analytical results.The results show that the allowable slope angle may be obtained by the improved Goodman-Bray approach considering the joint spacing,the joint frictional angle and the tensile strength of rock mass together.

Effects of sonic speed on location accuracy of acoustic emission source in rocks

To quantitatively study the location errors induced by deviation of sonic speed, the line and plane location tests were carried out. A broken pencil was simulated as acoustic emission source in the rocks. The line and plane location tests were carried out in the granite rod using two sensors and the cube of marble using four sensors, respectively. To compare the position accuracy between line and plane positions, the line poison test was also carried out on the marble surface. The results show that for line positioning, the maximum error of absolute distance is about 0.8 cm. With the speed difference of 200 m/s, the average value of absolute difference from the position error is about 0.4 cm. For the plane positioning, in the case of the sensor array of 30 cm, the absolute positioning distance is up to 8.7 cm. It can be seen that the sonic speed seriously impacts on the plane positioning accuracy. The plane positioning error is lager than the line positioning error, which means that when the line position can satisfy the need in practical engineering, it is better to use the line position instead of the plane location. The plane positioning error with the diagonal speed is the minimum one.

Support vector machines approach to mean particle size of rock fragmentation due to bench blasting prediction

Aiming at the problems of the traditional method of assessing distribution of particle size in bench blasting, a support vector machines （SVMs） regression methodology was used to predict the mean particle size （X50） resulting from rock blast fragmentation in various mines based on the statistical learning theory. The data base consisted of blast design parameters, explosive parameters, modulus of elasticity and in-situ block size. The seven input independent variables used for the SVMs model for the prediction of X50 of rock blast fragmentation were the ratio of bench height to drilled burden （H/B）, ratio of spacing to burden （S/B）, ratio of burden to hole diameter （B/D）, ratio of stemming to burden （T/B）, powder factor （Pf）, modulus of elasticity （E） and in-situ block size （XB）. After using the 90 sets of the measured data in various mines and rock formations in the world for training and testing, the model was applied to 12 another blast data for validation of the trained support vector regression （SVR） model. The prediction results of SVR were compared with those of artificial neural network （ANN）, multivariate regression analysis （MVRA） models, conventional Kuznetsov method and the measured X50 values. The proposed method shows promising results and the prediction accuracy of SVMs model is acceptable.

Study on the simulation of acoustic logging measurements in horizontal and deviated wells

The conventional acoustic logging interpretation method, which is based on vertical wells that penetrate isotropic formations, is not suitable for horizontal and deviated wells penetrating anisotropic formations. This unsuitability is because during horizontal and deviated well drilling, cuttings will splash on the well wall or fall into the borehole bottom and form a thin bed of cuttings. In addition, the high velocity layers at different depths and intrinsic anisotropy may affect acoustic logging measurements. In this study, we examine how these factors affect the acoustic wave slowness measured in horizontal and deviated wells that are surrounded by an anisotropic medium using numerical simulation. We use the staggered-grid finite difference method in time domain （FDTD） combined with hybrid-PML. First, we acquire the acoustic slowness using a simulated array logging system, and then, we analyze how various factors affect acoustic slowness measurements and the differences between the effects of these factors. The factors considered are high-velocity layers, thin beds of cuttings, dipping angle, formation thickness, and anisotropy. The simulation results show that these factors affect acoustic wave slowness measurements differently. We observe that when the wavelength is much smaller than the distance between the borehole wall and high velocity layer, the true slowness of the formation could be acquired. When the wavelengths are of the same order （i.e., in the near-field scenarios）, the geometrical acoustics theory is no longer applicable. Furthermore, when a thin bed of cuttings exists at the bottom of the borehole, Fermat＇s principle is still applicable, and true slowness can be acquired. In anisotropic formations, the measured slowness changes with increments in the dipping angle. Finally, for a measurement system with specific spacing, the slowness of a thin target layer can be acquired when the distance covered by the logging tool is sufficiently long. Based on systematical simulations with different dipping angles and anisotropy in homogenous TI media, slowness estimation charts are established to quantitatively determine the slowness at any dipping angle and for any value of the anisotropic ratio. Synthetic examples with different acoustic logging tools and different elastic parameters demonstrate that the acoustic slowness estimation method can be conveniently applied to horizontal and deviated wells in TI formations with high accuracy.

日本新建DNA研究所

千叶县1991年2月在东京经团联会馆召开了财团法人上总DNA研究所的建立发起人大会,决定由平岩外四就任理事长.上总研究所是千叶县计划中的在县中心地区设置的上总学术园的中心研究设施.决定把DNA结构分析的基本原理和技术开发作为中心课题.预计由现在京都大学化学研究所教授高浪满就任所长.组织和具体的项目还没有决定。

沉积盆地中剪切波传播的奇异点效应

在各向异性固体介质中大多数传播方向上,地震剪切波分裂的规则性和可预测的形态,原则上可能与岩体各向异性的程度和各向异性的对称性直接有关。虽然在所有各向异性的固体介质中都有若干传播方向,这就是大家熟知的剪切波奇异性,然而那里分裂的剪切波却具有相同的相速度,对接近于最常见的奇异性型(点状奇异性)传播的各方向上,相速度和群速度之间的关系可以因方向的微小变化而迅速地交化。虽然各向异性的程度可能太小以致不能在群速度波阵面上产生普通的奇点,但即使剪切波接近奇点传播具有规则偏振和振幅变化,这仍能导致它沿射线(以群速度传播)出现异常. 在沉积盆地中,接近这类奇异点传播的效应已经被识别出来了.它们的特征是有着非常确切的方位吝向异性现象〔具有垂直轴对称的横向各向异性).这是水平岩性或精细分层(PTL各向异性)引起的.联系到更为近代判别出的方位各向异性,也可能是近平行、近垂直的充满液体的微裂隙群的分布(EDA各向异性)引起的.本文用计算模拟沉积盆地的材料的一个点状奇异性附近的关于方向上的合成剪切波证实了这些不规则效应.在勘探地震学中.当点状奇异性可能在沉积盆地内沿近垂直射线通道发生时,这类异常可能是重要的.如果不能正确地判别,这类点状奇异性的效应可能被错误地认为是构造不规则性造成的,如果判断正确了,则奇异性的方向可以作为沉积盆地PTL和EDA各向异性的可能形态的严格约束条件.

第四届大阪国际纺织机械展览会参观摘记(三)

机织设备 这次展览会上共有20家公司展出了各类无梭织机（包括部分无梭织带机）,其中日本有12家,意大利、西德、瑞士、比利时、中国和台湾省共8家。展出的织机共83台,其中剑杆织机37台,喷气织机35台,喷水织机5台,片梭织机4台,无梭织带机2台。 这次展出的规模比1987年巴黎国际纺织机械展览会（ITMA’87）小些,但展出的水平比ITMA’87有所提高。 （一）各类展出织机的水平 1、剑杆织机 展出剑杆织机的公司有15家,各公司展出情况是:津田驹4台,平岩3台,石川4台,

日本纳税最多的20位畅销作家

最近,日本国税厅公布了1993年度最高纳税者排行榜。位居前20位的作家依次是赤川次郎、西村京太郎、内田康夫、司马辽太郎、山村美纱、津本阳、森村诚一、荒卷义雄、菊地秀行、斋藤荣、宫尾登美子、藤泽周平、椎名诚、童门冬二、渡边淳一、志茂田景树、丰田行二、远藤周作、平岩弓枝、门田泰明。其中前10位作家的纳税额从32943万日元到6650万日元。

小夫妻种浪漫 紫薇年赚70万

在广西桂林灵川县公平岩山中南村.有一块148亩的美国三红紫薇基地。＂80后＂小夫妻易航、李春红就常年耕作在这片火红的花海中。去年,夫妻俩光紫薇花就净赚近70万元。由于种植紫薇的规模大,造型独特,大家还送给易航一个雅号：＂紫薇王子＂。

Safe mining technology of undersea metal mine

Xinli district of Sanshandao Gold Mine is the first subsea metal mine in China.To achieve 6 kt/d production capacity under the premise of safe mining,high-intensity mining might destroy the in-situ stress filed and the stability of rockmass.According to sampling and testing of ore-rock and backfill and in-situ stress field measurement,safety factor method calculation model based on stress-strain strength reduction at arbitrary points and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was established and limit displacement subsidence values under the safety factor of different limit stoping steps were calculated.The results from three years in-situ mining and strata movement monitoring using multi-point displacements meter showed that the lower settlement frame stope hierarchical level filling mining method,mining sequence are reasonable and rockmass stability evaluation using safety factor method,in-situ real-time monitoring can provide the technical foundation for the safety of seabed mining.

福建省人民政府关于同意设立临时省际动物防疫监督检查站点的批复

省农业厅: 你厅《关于依法设立临时省际动物防疫监督检查站点的请示》(闽农牧[2005]205号)悉。经研究,同意在发生重大动物疫情时,依据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》等有关规定,在福鼎汾水关、诏安汾水关(高速公路同三线),诏安雨亭、平和九峰、泰宁新桥、浦城庙湾、浦城富岭、光泽册下、武夷山大安、政和铁山、建宁里心、松溪横垅、松溪长巷、邵武金坑、长汀古城、武平岩前、武平东留、武平象洞、宁化石壁、永定下洋、永定仙师、上杭下都、上杭中都、福鼎贯岭。

Reinforcement selection for deep and high-stress tunnels at preliminary design stages using ground demand and support capacity approach

Underground mining is going to be deeper gradually because near surface resources are going to be depleted. Therefore, risk of seismic events in underground mines is escalating. Additionally, existence of the large ratio of horizontal to vertical stress, could be a potential reason for high-stress condition and occurrence of dynamic activities. Depending on various parameters such as the level of induced stress, rock properties, etc., ground demand changes and it is difficult to estimate. On the other hand,under seismic condition, energy dissipation and deformation capacity of supports is the most important factors, however, rock support performance factors in dynamic conditions are still under investigation.Expanding the knowledge of reinforcement behaviour and capacity, specifically that of the rockbolt as a primary element in seismic conditions, would help to develop a suitable, safe and economic support design. This paper contains various methods to estimate ground demand including the intact rock properties approach, failure thickness and ejection velocity estimation, and rockburst damage potential method. It also covers measurement methods of rockbolts energy dissipation capacities such as drop test,blasting simulating, back calculation and momentum transfer measurement methods. A large-scale dynamic test rig is also explained. Based on the findings, a table and a graph to show the applicable range of each type of rockbolts were presented. Suitable rockbolt types for various ground energy demand and deformation capacity range were categorised in the table and the graph. The presented support selection method facilitates the selection of a suitable reinforcement system at the preliminary stages of design and guides the designer to adjust the support reinforcement system based on observed ground and support reaction.

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.

Signal characteristics of coal and rock dynamics with micro-seismic monitoring technique

In this study, differences of signal characteristics between mine shocks and coal and gas outbursts in coal mines were examined with the micro-seismic monitoring technique and time-frequency analysis. The duration of the mine shock is short while the coal and gas outburst lasts longer. The outburst consists of three stages： the pre-shock, secondary shock and main shock stage, respectively. The velocity amplitude of the mine shock is between 10 s and 10-3 m/s, which is higher than that of the outburst with the same energy level. In addition, in both cases, the correlation between the velocity amplitude and energy is positive while the correlation between the signal frequency band distribution and energy is negative. The signal frequency band of the high energy mine shock is distributed between 0 and 50 Hz, and the low energy mine shock is between 50 and 100 Hz. The fractal characteristics of mine shocks were studied based on a fractal theory. The box dimensions of high energy mine shocks are lower than the low energy ones, however, the box dimensions of outbursts are higher than that of mine shocks with the same energy level. The higher box dimensions indicate more dangerous dynamic events.

Limit equilibrium analysis for rock slope stability using basic Hoek–Brown strength criterion

Hoek–Brown(HB)strength criterion can reflect rock’s inherent failure nature,so it is more suitable for analyzing the stability of rock slopes.However,the traditional limit equilibrium methods are at present only suitable for analyzing the rock slope stability using the linear equivalent Mohr–Coulomb(EMC)strength parameters instead of the nonlinear HB strength criterion.Therefore,a new method derived to analyze directly the rock slope stability using the nonlinear HB strength criterion for arbitrary curve slip surface was described in the limit equilibrium framework.The current method was established based on certain assumptions concerning the stresses on the slip surface through amending the initial normal stressσ0 obtained without considering the effect of inter-slice forces,and it can satisfy all static equilibrium conditions of the sliding body,so the current method can obtain the reasonable and strict factor of safety(FOS)solutions.Compared with the results of other methods in some examples,the feasibility of the current method was verified.Meanwhile,the parametric analysis shows that the slope angleβhas an important influence on the difference of the results obtained using the nonlinear HB strength criterion and its linear EMC strength parameters.Forβ≤45°,both of the results are similar,showing the traditional limit equilibrium methods using the linear EMC strength parameters and the current method are all suitable to analyze rock slope stability,but forβ>60°,the differences of both the results are obvious,showing the actual slope stability state can not be reflected in the traditional limit equilibrium methods,and then the current method should be used.

Assessment of natural radioactivity levels in Yemen rocks

Studies on radiation level and radionuclide distribution in Yemen were studied. The samples were collected from eight locations： Ma＇rib, A1 Jawf, Sana＇a, Dhamar, Amran, Ibb, Al Bayda and Al Dalea. The purpose of this study is to provide a baseline map of radioactivity background levels in the investigated area and this study will be used as reference information to assess any change in the radioactive background level due to geological processes. The highest values of 22~ and 2~l＇h concentrations （8797.2 and 24984.1 Bq.kg＂l, respectively） were observed at A1 Jawf, region, whereas the highest average value of 40K concentration was 1561.9 Bq.kg-1. The investigation of the geological maps of the area under study showed that the surface rock outcrops consist mainly of granites, diorite, granodiorite, gneisses, and schists. All these rock types arc known to be rich in radioactive materials, which are considered natural sources for gamma radiation. The low mdiological background characterizing some Yemeni rocks could be attributed to nature of these rocks which consist of lime stone （sands and gravels）. The absorbed dose rate in air was found to be in the range between 5.40 and 45.11 nGy.h-1 depending on the geological features, and radium equivalent activity concentration was found in the range between 29.57 and 71.85 Bq.kg-1. Also the representative extcmal hazard index values for the corresponding samples were also estinlated and given.

Variation of vertical and horizontal drilling rates depending on some rock properties in the marble quarries

The main objective of this study is to determine the rates of vertically and horizontally oriented drilling processes in marble quarries and to observe the factors affecting the drilling rates in terms of physical and mechanical properties of the rocks. In situ drilling tests were performed in different marble quarries with different marble types and drilling times and penetration rates for a series of successive depthincrements were trying to be determined under vertically and horizontally oriented conditions. In order to understand the relation between the parameters that are investigated within the scope of this research, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, impact strength, Bohme abrasion strength, P-wave velocity, porosity, unit volume weight, Schmidt hardness index and brittleness index values were correlated with the drilling rates. It was noticed that the porosity and unit volume weight could be taken as the key parameters among them for obtaining meaningful correlation with drilling performance. It was also observed that the physical and mechanical rock properties are more relevant in vertical drilling than horizontal drilling.