A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy an...A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.展开更多
A nucleus-encoded MinE gene, designated PpMinE, from Physcomitrella patens was identified using RT-PCR. The presence of both N- and C-terminal extensions in PpMinE protein suggested its cyanobacterial origin. The tran...A nucleus-encoded MinE gene, designated PpMinE, from Physcomitrella patens was identified using RT-PCR. The presence of both N- and C-terminal extensions in PpMinE protein suggested its cyanobacterial origin. The transient expression of PpMinE using green fluorescent protein fusion in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) indicated that the PpMinE was a chloroplast-targeted protein. Overexpression of PpMinE in Escherichia coli caused division site misplacement and minicell formation, suggesting evolutionary functional conservation of MinE during plant phylogenesis. According to the phylogenetic tree, PpMinE protein has a close relationship with the highland plants, which suggests that the transfer events of MinE gene from plastid to nucleus might have occurred before the origin of the land plants.展开更多
The long-term goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 ℃above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 ℃. However, for climate mitigation and adaption efforts...The long-term goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 ℃above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 ℃. However, for climate mitigation and adaption efforts, further studies are still needed to understand the regional consequences between the two global warming limits. Here we provide an assessment of changes in temperature extremes over China (relative to 1986-2005) at 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃ warming levels (relative to 1861-1900) by using the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models under three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Results show that the increases in mean temperature and temperature extremes over China are greater than that in global mean temperature. With respect to 1986-2005, the temperature of hottest day (TXx) and coldest night (TNn) are projected to increase about 1/1.6 ℃ and 1.1/1.8 ℃, whereas warm days (TX90p) and warm spell duration (WSDI) will increase about 7.5/13.8% and 15/30 d for the 1.5/2 ℃ global warming target, respectively. Under an additional 0.5 ℃ global warming, the projected increases of temperature in warmest day/night and coldest day/night are both more than 0.5 ℃ across almost the whole China. In Northwest China, Northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau, the projected changes are particularly sensitive to the additional 0.5 ℃ global warming, for example, multi-model mean increase in coldest day (TXn) and coldest night (TNn) will be about 2 times higher than a change of 0.5 ℃ global warming. Although the area-averaged changes in temperature extremes are very similar for different scenarios, spatial hotspot still exists, such as in Northwest China and North China, the increases in temperatures are apparently larger in RCP8.5 than that in RCP4.5.展开更多
The adsorption sites and diffusion mechanism of CO2 molecules in the flexible Zn(MeIM)2 (MeIM=2-methylimidazole) (ZIF-8) have been investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. ...The adsorption sites and diffusion mechanism of CO2 molecules in the flexible Zn(MeIM)2 (MeIM=2-methylimidazole) (ZIF-8) have been investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. A reasonable time correlation function is for the first time constructed to explore the mean residence time of CO2 molecules in the ZIF-8 cages, suggesting that C02 molecules can remain in the same cage for up to several tens of picoseconds. Furthermore, we find that the mean residence time almost linearly increases with the increasing pressure (or loading) at 273 and 298 K.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of late-stage lung cancer patients with gastrointestinal(GI)-tract metastases,focusing on therapeutic options and outcomes.METHODS:Our institution(the Nationa...AIM:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of late-stage lung cancer patients with gastrointestinal(GI)-tract metastases,focusing on therapeutic options and outcomes.METHODS:Our institution(the National Taiwan University Hospital) diagnosed 8159 patients with lung cancer between 1987 and 2008,of which 21 developed symptomatic GI metastases.This study reviewed all of the patients' information,including survival data,pathological reports,and surgical notes.RESULTS:The most common histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma,and 0.26% of patients with lung cancer developed GI metastases.The median duration from lung cancer diagnosis to GI metastases was three months(range,0-108 mo),and the average time from diagnosis of GI metastasis to death was 2.8 mo.Most patients with symptomatic gastric and/or duodenal metastases exhibited GI bleeding and were diagnosed by panendoscopy.In contrast,small bowel metastases typically presented as an acute abdomen and were not diagnosed until laparotomy.All patients with small bowel or colonic metastases underwent surgical intervention,and their perioperative mortality was 22%.Our data revealed a therapeutic effect in patients with solitary GI metastasis and a favorable palliative effect on survival when metastases were diagnosed preoperatively.In patients with multiple GI metastases,the presentation varied according to the locations of the metastases.CONCLUSION:Surgical treatment is worthwhile in a select group of patients with bowel perforation or obstruction.Physicians should be more alert to symptoms or signs indicating GI metastases.展开更多
An image distortion correction method is proposed, which uses the straight line features. Many parallel lines of different direction from different images were extracted, and then were used to optimize the distortion ...An image distortion correction method is proposed, which uses the straight line features. Many parallel lines of different direction from different images were extracted, and then were used to optimize the distortion parameters by nonlinear least square. The thought of step by step was added when the optimization method working. 3D world coordination is not need to know, and the method is easy to implement. The experiment result shows its high accuracy.展开更多
AIM:To study the risk factors for liver metastasis and the prognosis in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over-expressing gastric cancer(GC).METHODS:A total of 84 GC patients recruited from ...AIM:To study the risk factors for liver metastasis and the prognosis in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over-expressing gastric cancer(GC).METHODS:A total of 84 GC patients recruited from the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army(PLA) between 2003 and 2010 were randomly enrolled in this study.HER2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 84 GC patients with liver metastases.The study group consisted of 66 men and 18 women,with an average age of 54 years(range:19-74 years).Liver metastasis was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography.Patients were followed-up and predictive factors of liver metastasis were evaluated.RESULTS:The median follow-up period was 47 mo(range:6-85 mo).The characteristics of 35(25.7%) patients with HER2 over-expression of liver metastatic GC are presented.HER2 over-expression was detected in 23 out of 49(46.9%) patients with intestinal GC,and 9 out of 35(25.7%) patients with diffuse GC.29 out of 59(49.2%) patients aged < 60 years were HER2positive,while 8 out of 25(32%) patients aged ≥ 60 were HER2-positive;a significant difference(P < 0.05).Univariate analysis(log-rank test) showed that HER2 over-expression,sex,Lauren classification,differentiation and disease-free interval were correlated with poor survival(P < 0.05).Survival analysis with a survival curve showed that HER2 over-expression was significantly relevant,with a reduced survival time in GC patients with liver metastases(P < 0.01).2-year survival was not associated with the patient's age.A diseasefree survival longer than 12 mo has a significant association with extended overall survival(OS) in GC patients with liver metastases.The median survival time after the diagnosis of liver metastases was 18 mo [95% confidence interval(CI):9.07-26.94] among HER2 positive GC patients with liver metastases.In comparison,for 49(69.4%) out of 84 HER2 negative patients with liver metastatic GC,the median survival time was 47 mo(95% CI:19.37-74.63).In patients with HER2 positive liver metastatic GC,the median OS was significantly shorter than in HER2 negative patients(median,20.32 mo;95% CI:16.51-24.13 vs median,50.14 mo;95% CI:37.83-62.45;P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:HER2 over-expressing GC patients with liver metastases have a poor prognosis.Overall survival was significantly lower in HER2 positive patients.HER2overexpression is correlated with a lower survival rate.展开更多
Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or...Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local governments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can provide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standardized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of frequency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1) Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2) Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3) The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4) The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theoretical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.展开更多
An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibriurn reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the systern-bath model. The method employs the rnultilayer nmltico...An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibriurn reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the systern-bath model. The method employs the rnultilayer nmlticonfiguration tirne-dependent Hartree theory for imag- inary time propagation and an importance sampling procedure for calculating the quantum mechanical trace. The method is applied to the spin-boson Harniltonian, which leads to ac- curate results in agreement with those produced by the rnulti-electronic-state path integral molecular dynamics method.展开更多
In this study, the water balance-based Precipitation-Evapotranspiration-Runoff (PER) method combined with the land surface model Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) was used to estimate the spatiotemporal variations ...In this study, the water balance-based Precipitation-Evapotranspiration-Runoff (PER) method combined with the land surface model Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) was used to estimate the spatiotemporal variations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) for two periods, 1982-2005 (baseline) and 2071-2100, under future climate scenarios A2 and B2 in the Yangtze River basin. The results show that the estimated TWS during the baseline period and under the two future climate scenarios have similar seasonal amplitudes of 60-70 mm. The higher values of TWS appear in June during the baseline period and under the B2 scenario, whereas the TWS under A2 shows two peaks in response to the related precipitation pattern. It also shows that the TWS is recharged from February to June during the baseline period, but it is replenished from March to June under the A2 and B2 scenarios. An analysis of the standard derivation of seasonal and interannual TWS time series under the three scenarios demonstrates that the seasonal TWS of the southeastern part of the Yangtze River basin varies remarkably and that the southeastern and central parts of the basin have higher variations in interannual TWS. With respect to the first mode of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), the inverse-phase change in seasonal TWS mainly appears across the Guizhou-Sichuan-Shaanxi belt, and the entire basin generally represents a synchronous change in interannual TWS. As a whole, the TWS under A2 presents a larger seasonal variation whereas that under B2 displays a greater interannual variation. These results imply that climate change could trigger severe disasters in the southeastern and central parts of the basin.展开更多
In recent decades,materials science has experienced rapid development and posed increasingly high requirements for the characterizations of structures,properties,and performances.Herein,we report on our recent establi...In recent decades,materials science has experienced rapid development and posed increasingly high requirements for the characterizations of structures,properties,and performances.Herein,we report on our recent establishment of a multi-domain(energy,space,time)highresolution platform for integrated spectroscopy and microscopy characterizations,offering an unprecedented way to analyze materials in terms of spectral(energy)and spatial mapping as well as temporal evolution.We present several proof-of-principle results collected on this platform,including in-situ Raman imaging(high-resolution Raman,polarization Raman,low-wavenumber Raman),time-resolved photoluminescence imaging,and photoelectrical performance imaging.It can be envisioned that our newly established platform would be very powerful and effective in the multi-domain high-resolution characterizations of various materials of photoelectrochemical importance in the near future.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib and determine the predictive factors for survival.Methods:From April 2009 to December 2010,all patients wi...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib and determine the predictive factors for survival.Methods:From April 2009 to December 2010,all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib were included in the study.Clinical data and survival time were collected.Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method,and predictive factors for survival were analysed using the Cox's model.Results:A total of 51 patients were included in the study,the median time of follow-up was 10 months(range 1-22).All the 51 patients had one or more adverse events,of which 2 patients died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and 6 patients discontinued treatment.The mean survival time was 11 months and 1-year survival was 60.8%.On univariate analysis,the median survival time of patients with tumors of BCLC A,B and C were 17,12.5 and 8.5 months,and 1-year survival were 71.4%,61.1%,and 23.1%, respectively(P=0.006).Compared with those with mild and poor arterial supply tumors,patients with good arterial supply tumors had longer median survival time(12 months vs 8 months and 9 months) and higher 1-year survival(52.0%vs 30.8%and 38.5%)(P=0.037).Patients with portal invasion had shorter median survival time and lower 1-year survival(8.5 months vs 13 months and 57.6%vs 16.7%,respectively) than those without(P=0.012).Patients with prealbumin≥170 mg/L had longer median survival time and higher 1-year survival(13.5 months vs 9 months and 55.6%vs 36.4%,respectively) than those with prealbumin<170 mg/L(P=0.016).Early tumor BCLC staging and high level of prealbumin were independent predictive factors for survival on multivariate analysis using Cox's regression model,the hazard ratio were 3.69(95%CI:1.30-10.53,P=0.015) and 3.53(95%CI:1.40-8.91,P=0.008) respectively.Conclusion:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding was a severe event need to be concerned in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib.Patients with high level of prealbumin could benefit more from sorafenib treatment,and prealbumin could be a predictor for survival in HCC patients treated with sorafenib.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance has been compromised hospitalized patients with serious infections. The main cases of bacteremia can be caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown as an...Antibiotic resistance has been compromised hospitalized patients with serious infections. The main cases of bacteremia can be caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown as an alternative for inactivation of microorganisms in blood. In this therapy photochemical mechanisms occur that may prevent the development of bacteria. This study aims optimization of PDT parameters for blood decontamination. Concentration ofphotosensitizer (PS), light dose (LD) and incubation time (IT) were studied for hemolysis and cell toxic effects. It was observed that PDT can be used for microbial inactivation in total blood reducing 0.85 log10 CFU/mL ofS. aureus at 15 J/cm^2 and 50μg/mL of Photogem .展开更多
A heat center (HC) of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is defined, its variability is examined, and a possible mechanism is discussed. Analysis and calculation of a temperature dataset from 1945-2006 show that...A heat center (HC) of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is defined, its variability is examined, and a possible mechanism is discussed. Analysis and calculation of a temperature dataset from 1945-2006 show that the mean position of the HC during this period was near 0.4°S/169.0°E, at 38.0 m depth. From a time series of the HC, remarkable seasonal variability was found, mainly in the meridional and vertical directions. Interannual variabilities were dominant in the zonal and vertical directions. In addition, semiannual variation in the HC depth was discovered. The longitude of the HC varies with ENSO events, and its latitude is weakly related to ENSO on time scales shorter than a decade. The variation of the HC longitude leads the Nifio-3 index by about 3-4 months, and its depth lags the index for approximately 3 months. It is concluded that the HC depth results from a combination of its longitudinal and latitudinal variations. Low-pass-filtered time series reveal that the HC has moved eastward since the mid 1980s.展开更多
AC-HVDC-AC energy conversion systems using MMC (modular multilevel converters) are becoming popular to integrate distributed energy systems to the main grid. Such multilevel converters pose a serious problems for H...AC-HVDC-AC energy conversion systems using MMC (modular multilevel converters) are becoming popular to integrate distributed energy systems to the main grid. Such multilevel converters pose a serious problems for HIL (hardware in the loop) simulators required for control, protection design and testing due to the large number of cells that must be simulated individually using very small time steps. This paper demonstrates the advantages of using a very small time step to simulate a MMC topology. The MMC is implemented on FPGA (fiel-programmable gate array) to simulate fast transient with a time step of 250 ns. The AC network and HVDC bus is simulated on the PC, with a slower time step of 10 μs to 20 μs. The simulator architecture and the components simulated on the FPGA and on the PC will be discussed, as well as the method allowing the interconnection of this slow and fast system.展开更多
In order to optimize the transitional time during the successive exposure scans for a step-and-scan lithography and improve the productivity in a wafer production process, an investigation of the motion trajectory pla...In order to optimize the transitional time during the successive exposure scans for a step-and-scan lithography and improve the productivity in a wafer production process, an investigation of the motion trajectory planning along the scanning direction for wafer stage was carried out. The motions of wafer stage were divided into two respective logical moves (i. e. step-move and scan-move) and the multi-motionoverlap algorithms (MMOA) were presented for optimizing the transitional time between the successive exposure scans. The conventional motion planning method, the Hazelton method and the MMOA were analyzed theoretically and simulated using MATLAB under four different exposure field sizes. The results show that the total time between two successive scans consumed by MMOA is reduced by 4.82%, 2.62%, 3.06% and 3.96%, compared with those of the conventional motion planning method; and reduced by 2.58%, 0.76%, 1.63% and 2.92%, compared with those of the Hazehon method respectively. The theoretical analyses and simulation results illuminate that the MMOA can effectively minimize the transitional step time between successive exposure scans and therefore increase the wafer fabricating productivity.展开更多
Based on the Zebiak-Cane model, the timedependent nonlinear forcing singular vector (NFSV)-type tendency errors with components of 4 and 12 (denoted by NFSV-4 and NFSV-12) are calculated for predetermined El Nifio...Based on the Zebiak-Cane model, the timedependent nonlinear forcing singular vector (NFSV)-type tendency errors with components of 4 and 12 (denoted by NFSV-4 and NFSV-12) are calculated for predetermined El Nifio events and compared with the constant NFSV (denoted by NFSV-1) from their patterns and resultant prediction errors. Specifically, NFSV-1 has a zonal dipolar sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern with negative anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and positive anomalies in the equatorial central-western Pa- cific. Although the first few components in NFSV-4 and NFSV-12 present patterns similar to NFSV-1, they tend to extend their dipoles farther westward; meanwhile, the positive anomalies gradually cover much smaller regions with the lag times. In addition, the authors calculate the predic- tion errors caused by the three kinds of NFSVs, and the results indicate that the prediction error induced by NFSV-12 is the largest, followed by the NFSV-4. However, when compared with the prediction errors caused by random tendency errors, the NFSVs generate significantly larger prediction errors. It is therefore shown that the spatial structure of tendency errors is important for producing large prediction errors. Furthermore, in exploring the tendency errors that cause the largest prediction error for E1 Nifio events, the timedependent NFSV should be evaluated.展开更多
This study examines long work hours and work-life balance in relation to wage level, workaholism, and consumerism in both Korea and Japan. Findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the hypothesis tha...This study examines long work hours and work-life balance in relation to wage level, workaholism, and consumerism in both Korea and Japan. Findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the hypothesis that the wages and working hours have positive but differential effects depending on wage level categories are supported. Second, effects of cultural factors, such as workaholism and consumerism, on long work hours, however, are not significant in both countries. Third, for Korean manual workers, the probability of working long hours is high, but the level of time scarcity is low; but the effect of union membership on long work hours is not significant in both Korea and Japan. Fourth, the hypothesis that negative effects of long work hours and time scarcity on satisfaction with work-life balance are supported. These findings suggest that an increase in wage for non-regular workers and a minimum wage are required to reduce working hours. In addition, they also suggest that reducing working hours, overtime work in particular, and wage gap are crucial to raising the level of satisfaction with work-life balance in both Korea and Japan.展开更多
We sttidy the problem of scheduling n jobs on m parallel bounded batch machines to minimize the sum of squared machine loads. Each batch contains at most B jobs, and the processing time of a batch is equal to the long...We sttidy the problem of scheduling n jobs on m parallel bounded batch machines to minimize the sum of squared machine loads. Each batch contains at most B jobs, and the processing time of a batch is equal to the longest processing time of the jobs in this batch. We prove this problem to be NP-hard. Furthermore, we present a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for this problem.展开更多
基金National Science and Technology Supporting Program of "the Eleventh Five-Year Plan",No.2006BAJ05A06 2006BAJ14B03-01Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02
文摘A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470879).
文摘A nucleus-encoded MinE gene, designated PpMinE, from Physcomitrella patens was identified using RT-PCR. The presence of both N- and C-terminal extensions in PpMinE protein suggested its cyanobacterial origin. The transient expression of PpMinE using green fluorescent protein fusion in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) indicated that the PpMinE was a chloroplast-targeted protein. Overexpression of PpMinE in Escherichia coli caused division site misplacement and minicell formation, suggesting evolutionary functional conservation of MinE during plant phylogenesis. According to the phylogenetic tree, PpMinE protein has a close relationship with the highland plants, which suggests that the transfer events of MinE gene from plastid to nucleus might have occurred before the origin of the land plants.
基金We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups (listed in Table l) for producing and making available their model output. This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0603804) and the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41230528).
文摘The long-term goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 ℃above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 ℃. However, for climate mitigation and adaption efforts, further studies are still needed to understand the regional consequences between the two global warming limits. Here we provide an assessment of changes in temperature extremes over China (relative to 1986-2005) at 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃ warming levels (relative to 1861-1900) by using the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models under three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Results show that the increases in mean temperature and temperature extremes over China are greater than that in global mean temperature. With respect to 1986-2005, the temperature of hottest day (TXx) and coldest night (TNn) are projected to increase about 1/1.6 ℃ and 1.1/1.8 ℃, whereas warm days (TX90p) and warm spell duration (WSDI) will increase about 7.5/13.8% and 15/30 d for the 1.5/2 ℃ global warming target, respectively. Under an additional 0.5 ℃ global warming, the projected increases of temperature in warmest day/night and coldest day/night are both more than 0.5 ℃ across almost the whole China. In Northwest China, Northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau, the projected changes are particularly sensitive to the additional 0.5 ℃ global warming, for example, multi-model mean increase in coldest day (TXn) and coldest night (TNn) will be about 2 times higher than a change of 0.5 ℃ global warming. Although the area-averaged changes in temperature extremes are very similar for different scenarios, spatial hotspot still exists, such as in Northwest China and North China, the increases in temperatures are apparently larger in RCP8.5 than that in RCP4.5.
文摘The adsorption sites and diffusion mechanism of CO2 molecules in the flexible Zn(MeIM)2 (MeIM=2-methylimidazole) (ZIF-8) have been investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. A reasonable time correlation function is for the first time constructed to explore the mean residence time of CO2 molecules in the ZIF-8 cages, suggesting that C02 molecules can remain in the same cage for up to several tens of picoseconds. Furthermore, we find that the mean residence time almost linearly increases with the increasing pressure (or loading) at 273 and 298 K.
文摘AIM:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of late-stage lung cancer patients with gastrointestinal(GI)-tract metastases,focusing on therapeutic options and outcomes.METHODS:Our institution(the National Taiwan University Hospital) diagnosed 8159 patients with lung cancer between 1987 and 2008,of which 21 developed symptomatic GI metastases.This study reviewed all of the patients' information,including survival data,pathological reports,and surgical notes.RESULTS:The most common histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma,and 0.26% of patients with lung cancer developed GI metastases.The median duration from lung cancer diagnosis to GI metastases was three months(range,0-108 mo),and the average time from diagnosis of GI metastasis to death was 2.8 mo.Most patients with symptomatic gastric and/or duodenal metastases exhibited GI bleeding and were diagnosed by panendoscopy.In contrast,small bowel metastases typically presented as an acute abdomen and were not diagnosed until laparotomy.All patients with small bowel or colonic metastases underwent surgical intervention,and their perioperative mortality was 22%.Our data revealed a therapeutic effect in patients with solitary GI metastasis and a favorable palliative effect on survival when metastases were diagnosed preoperatively.In patients with multiple GI metastases,the presentation varied according to the locations of the metastases.CONCLUSION:Surgical treatment is worthwhile in a select group of patients with bowel perforation or obstruction.Physicians should be more alert to symptoms or signs indicating GI metastases.
文摘An image distortion correction method is proposed, which uses the straight line features. Many parallel lines of different direction from different images were extracted, and then were used to optimize the distortion parameters by nonlinear least square. The thought of step by step was added when the optimization method working. 3D world coordination is not need to know, and the method is easy to implement. The experiment result shows its high accuracy.
基金Supported by Technology Found Project Fund for the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army,No.08CXLXB03
文摘AIM:To study the risk factors for liver metastasis and the prognosis in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) over-expressing gastric cancer(GC).METHODS:A total of 84 GC patients recruited from the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army(PLA) between 2003 and 2010 were randomly enrolled in this study.HER2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 84 GC patients with liver metastases.The study group consisted of 66 men and 18 women,with an average age of 54 years(range:19-74 years).Liver metastasis was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography.Patients were followed-up and predictive factors of liver metastasis were evaluated.RESULTS:The median follow-up period was 47 mo(range:6-85 mo).The characteristics of 35(25.7%) patients with HER2 over-expression of liver metastatic GC are presented.HER2 over-expression was detected in 23 out of 49(46.9%) patients with intestinal GC,and 9 out of 35(25.7%) patients with diffuse GC.29 out of 59(49.2%) patients aged < 60 years were HER2positive,while 8 out of 25(32%) patients aged ≥ 60 were HER2-positive;a significant difference(P < 0.05).Univariate analysis(log-rank test) showed that HER2 over-expression,sex,Lauren classification,differentiation and disease-free interval were correlated with poor survival(P < 0.05).Survival analysis with a survival curve showed that HER2 over-expression was significantly relevant,with a reduced survival time in GC patients with liver metastases(P < 0.01).2-year survival was not associated with the patient's age.A diseasefree survival longer than 12 mo has a significant association with extended overall survival(OS) in GC patients with liver metastases.The median survival time after the diagnosis of liver metastases was 18 mo [95% confidence interval(CI):9.07-26.94] among HER2 positive GC patients with liver metastases.In comparison,for 49(69.4%) out of 84 HER2 negative patients with liver metastatic GC,the median survival time was 47 mo(95% CI:19.37-74.63).In patients with HER2 positive liver metastatic GC,the median OS was significantly shorter than in HER2 negative patients(median,20.32 mo;95% CI:16.51-24.13 vs median,50.14 mo;95% CI:37.83-62.45;P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:HER2 over-expressing GC patients with liver metastases have a poor prognosis.Overall survival was significantly lower in HER2 positive patients.HER2overexpression is correlated with a lower survival rate.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171403,41301586)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2013M540599,2014T70731)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-08-0057)
文摘Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local governments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can provide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standardized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of frequency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1) Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2) Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3) The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4) The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theoretical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.
基金supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation CHE-1500285used resources from the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center,which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231+2 种基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFA0204901 and No.2016YFC0202803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21373018 and No.21573007)the Recruitment Program of Global Experts,and Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund(the second phase) under grant No.U1501501
文摘An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibriurn reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the systern-bath model. The method employs the rnultilayer nmlticonfiguration tirne-dependent Hartree theory for imag- inary time propagation and an importance sampling procedure for calculating the quantum mechanical trace. The method is applied to the spin-boson Harniltonian, which leads to ac- curate results in agreement with those produced by the rnulti-electronic-state path integral molecular dynamics method.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grants 2010CB951001 and 2010CB428403the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41075062the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (Meteorology) under Grant GYHY201006037
文摘In this study, the water balance-based Precipitation-Evapotranspiration-Runoff (PER) method combined with the land surface model Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) was used to estimate the spatiotemporal variations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) for two periods, 1982-2005 (baseline) and 2071-2100, under future climate scenarios A2 and B2 in the Yangtze River basin. The results show that the estimated TWS during the baseline period and under the two future climate scenarios have similar seasonal amplitudes of 60-70 mm. The higher values of TWS appear in June during the baseline period and under the B2 scenario, whereas the TWS under A2 shows two peaks in response to the related precipitation pattern. It also shows that the TWS is recharged from February to June during the baseline period, but it is replenished from March to June under the A2 and B2 scenarios. An analysis of the standard derivation of seasonal and interannual TWS time series under the three scenarios demonstrates that the seasonal TWS of the southeastern part of the Yangtze River basin varies remarkably and that the southeastern and central parts of the basin have higher variations in interannual TWS. With respect to the first mode of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), the inverse-phase change in seasonal TWS mainly appears across the Guizhou-Sichuan-Shaanxi belt, and the entire basin generally represents a synchronous change in interannual TWS. As a whole, the TWS under A2 presents a larger seasonal variation whereas that under B2 displays a greater interannual variation. These results imply that climate change could trigger severe disasters in the southeastern and central parts of the basin.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0200602,No.2017YFA0303500,and No.2018YFA0208702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21573211,No.21633007,No.21803067,and No.91950207)+1 种基金the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies(AHY090200)the USTC-NSRL Joint Funds(UN2018LHJJ).
文摘In recent decades,materials science has experienced rapid development and posed increasingly high requirements for the characterizations of structures,properties,and performances.Herein,we report on our recent establishment of a multi-domain(energy,space,time)highresolution platform for integrated spectroscopy and microscopy characterizations,offering an unprecedented way to analyze materials in terms of spectral(energy)and spatial mapping as well as temporal evolution.We present several proof-of-principle results collected on this platform,including in-situ Raman imaging(high-resolution Raman,polarization Raman,low-wavenumber Raman),time-resolved photoluminescence imaging,and photoelectrical performance imaging.It can be envisioned that our newly established platform would be very powerful and effective in the multi-domain high-resolution characterizations of various materials of photoelectrochemical importance in the near future.
基金Supponed by the CSCO-Bayer Schering Research Foundation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib and determine the predictive factors for survival.Methods:From April 2009 to December 2010,all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib were included in the study.Clinical data and survival time were collected.Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method,and predictive factors for survival were analysed using the Cox's model.Results:A total of 51 patients were included in the study,the median time of follow-up was 10 months(range 1-22).All the 51 patients had one or more adverse events,of which 2 patients died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and 6 patients discontinued treatment.The mean survival time was 11 months and 1-year survival was 60.8%.On univariate analysis,the median survival time of patients with tumors of BCLC A,B and C were 17,12.5 and 8.5 months,and 1-year survival were 71.4%,61.1%,and 23.1%, respectively(P=0.006).Compared with those with mild and poor arterial supply tumors,patients with good arterial supply tumors had longer median survival time(12 months vs 8 months and 9 months) and higher 1-year survival(52.0%vs 30.8%and 38.5%)(P=0.037).Patients with portal invasion had shorter median survival time and lower 1-year survival(8.5 months vs 13 months and 57.6%vs 16.7%,respectively) than those without(P=0.012).Patients with prealbumin≥170 mg/L had longer median survival time and higher 1-year survival(13.5 months vs 9 months and 55.6%vs 36.4%,respectively) than those with prealbumin<170 mg/L(P=0.016).Early tumor BCLC staging and high level of prealbumin were independent predictive factors for survival on multivariate analysis using Cox's regression model,the hazard ratio were 3.69(95%CI:1.30-10.53,P=0.015) and 3.53(95%CI:1.40-8.91,P=0.008) respectively.Conclusion:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding was a severe event need to be concerned in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib.Patients with high level of prealbumin could benefit more from sorafenib treatment,and prealbumin could be a predictor for survival in HCC patients treated with sorafenib.
文摘Antibiotic resistance has been compromised hospitalized patients with serious infections. The main cases of bacteremia can be caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown as an alternative for inactivation of microorganisms in blood. In this therapy photochemical mechanisms occur that may prevent the development of bacteria. This study aims optimization of PDT parameters for blood decontamination. Concentration ofphotosensitizer (PS), light dose (LD) and incubation time (IT) were studied for hemolysis and cell toxic effects. It was observed that PDT can be used for microbial inactivation in total blood reducing 0.85 log10 CFU/mL ofS. aureus at 15 J/cm^2 and 50μg/mL of Photogem .
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Project (Nos. 40890150, 40890151)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2007-CB411802)
文摘A heat center (HC) of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) is defined, its variability is examined, and a possible mechanism is discussed. Analysis and calculation of a temperature dataset from 1945-2006 show that the mean position of the HC during this period was near 0.4°S/169.0°E, at 38.0 m depth. From a time series of the HC, remarkable seasonal variability was found, mainly in the meridional and vertical directions. Interannual variabilities were dominant in the zonal and vertical directions. In addition, semiannual variation in the HC depth was discovered. The longitude of the HC varies with ENSO events, and its latitude is weakly related to ENSO on time scales shorter than a decade. The variation of the HC longitude leads the Nifio-3 index by about 3-4 months, and its depth lags the index for approximately 3 months. It is concluded that the HC depth results from a combination of its longitudinal and latitudinal variations. Low-pass-filtered time series reveal that the HC has moved eastward since the mid 1980s.
文摘AC-HVDC-AC energy conversion systems using MMC (modular multilevel converters) are becoming popular to integrate distributed energy systems to the main grid. Such multilevel converters pose a serious problems for HIL (hardware in the loop) simulators required for control, protection design and testing due to the large number of cells that must be simulated individually using very small time steps. This paper demonstrates the advantages of using a very small time step to simulate a MMC topology. The MMC is implemented on FPGA (fiel-programmable gate array) to simulate fast transient with a time step of 250 ns. The AC network and HVDC bus is simulated on the PC, with a slower time step of 10 μs to 20 μs. The simulator architecture and the components simulated on the FPGA and on the PC will be discussed, as well as the method allowing the interconnection of this slow and fast system.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2003CB716206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50605025)
文摘In order to optimize the transitional time during the successive exposure scans for a step-and-scan lithography and improve the productivity in a wafer production process, an investigation of the motion trajectory planning along the scanning direction for wafer stage was carried out. The motions of wafer stage were divided into two respective logical moves (i. e. step-move and scan-move) and the multi-motionoverlap algorithms (MMOA) were presented for optimizing the transitional time between the successive exposure scans. The conventional motion planning method, the Hazelton method and the MMOA were analyzed theoretically and simulated using MATLAB under four different exposure field sizes. The results show that the total time between two successive scans consumed by MMOA is reduced by 4.82%, 2.62%, 3.06% and 3.96%, compared with those of the conventional motion planning method; and reduced by 2.58%, 0.76%, 1.63% and 2.92%, compared with those of the Hazehon method respectively. The theoretical analyses and simulation results illuminate that the MMOA can effectively minimize the transitional step time between successive exposure scans and therefore increase the wafer fabricating productivity.
基金sponsored by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB955202)the National Public Benefit (Meteorology) Research Foundation of China (Grant No. GYHY201306018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41176013 and 41230420)
文摘Based on the Zebiak-Cane model, the timedependent nonlinear forcing singular vector (NFSV)-type tendency errors with components of 4 and 12 (denoted by NFSV-4 and NFSV-12) are calculated for predetermined El Nifio events and compared with the constant NFSV (denoted by NFSV-1) from their patterns and resultant prediction errors. Specifically, NFSV-1 has a zonal dipolar sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern with negative anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and positive anomalies in the equatorial central-western Pa- cific. Although the first few components in NFSV-4 and NFSV-12 present patterns similar to NFSV-1, they tend to extend their dipoles farther westward; meanwhile, the positive anomalies gradually cover much smaller regions with the lag times. In addition, the authors calculate the predic- tion errors caused by the three kinds of NFSVs, and the results indicate that the prediction error induced by NFSV-12 is the largest, followed by the NFSV-4. However, when compared with the prediction errors caused by random tendency errors, the NFSVs generate significantly larger prediction errors. It is therefore shown that the spatial structure of tendency errors is important for producing large prediction errors. Furthermore, in exploring the tendency errors that cause the largest prediction error for E1 Nifio events, the timedependent NFSV should be evaluated.
文摘This study examines long work hours and work-life balance in relation to wage level, workaholism, and consumerism in both Korea and Japan. Findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the hypothesis that the wages and working hours have positive but differential effects depending on wage level categories are supported. Second, effects of cultural factors, such as workaholism and consumerism, on long work hours, however, are not significant in both countries. Third, for Korean manual workers, the probability of working long hours is high, but the level of time scarcity is low; but the effect of union membership on long work hours is not significant in both Korea and Japan. Fourth, the hypothesis that negative effects of long work hours and time scarcity on satisfaction with work-life balance are supported. These findings suggest that an increase in wage for non-regular workers and a minimum wage are required to reduce working hours. In addition, they also suggest that reducing working hours, overtime work in particular, and wage gap are crucial to raising the level of satisfaction with work-life balance in both Korea and Japan.
文摘We sttidy the problem of scheduling n jobs on m parallel bounded batch machines to minimize the sum of squared machine loads. Each batch contains at most B jobs, and the processing time of a batch is equal to the longest processing time of the jobs in this batch. We prove this problem to be NP-hard. Furthermore, we present a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for this problem.