赣江上游平江流域近30年不同量级降雨时空分布特征

为研究全球气候变暖影响下的赣江上游平江流域不同量级降雨时空分布特征,基于1989—2018年逐小时降雨数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、Morlet小波分析等方法对不同量级降雨在年、季、月、时尺度上进行了分析。结果表明:(1)近30年来,小、中、大、暴雨占年雨量的比率分别为18.64%,29.76%,29.70%,21.90%,降雨集中在春、夏季,小、中、大、暴雨峰值分别出现在3月、4月、6月、6月,百年一遇暴雨量为175.5 mm;(2)空间分布特征:暴雨在各尺度上多为“南低北高”,小雨、大雨总体表现为“西低东高”,中雨随机性较强,在各尺度上差异较大;(3)年小雨、年中雨量呈下降趋势,年大雨、年暴雨量呈上升趋势,2月、11月中雨量分别通过α=0.05及0.01显著性检验分别表现为下降、上升趋势;(4)小时降雨量在09:00至次日06:00随时间变化递增,其与降雨侵蚀力在空间分布上均表现出自东北向中南递减而后向西南递增的特点,其雨带在空间上随时间的推移表现出自中部向两侧扩散的特征;(5)年降雨量受中、大雨量的影响第一、二主周期表现为26~27 a,7~8 a,受暴雨量的第一主周期影响第三主周期表现为4~5 a。综上,不同量级降雨时空分布不均,具有朝极端降水发展的趋势,未来应更加注意5—6月流域北部由暴雨带引发的洪涝灾害。

赣江上游平江流域降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的]研究赣江上游平江流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化规律,为流域治理措施的制定提供参考.[方法]利用平江流域内10个雨量站点1989-2018年共30 a的日降雨量数据,采用降雨侵蚀力日降雨简易计算模型和Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法,对平江流域降雨侵蚀力的时间分布规律进行研究;借助ArcGIS 10.1中的克里金插值法对平江流域的降雨侵蚀力进行空间分析.[结果]平江流域降雨侵蚀力在1989-2018年间平均值为4233 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a),最大值为6766.5 MJ·mm/(hm2·h)(2015年),最小值为2 191 MJ·mm/(hm2·h)(2003年);流域内30 a降雨侵蚀力变化较为平稳,年际间呈现出不显著的增加趋势,年内分布同降水量一致,表现为双峰型,分别在6月和8月.降雨侵蚀力在空间上表现为由东北向中南方向递减,而后向西南方向递增,最大值出现在北部城冈站附近,最小值出现在中南部龙口站附近.[结论]平江流域降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征与流域内降水时空分布基本一致.对流域水土流失防治工作而言,春季应尤其注意降雨侵蚀力较大且出现上升趋势的流域北部地区,夏季和冬季应更加注意流域西南部.

平江流域水土保持综合治理水沙调配效益评价

以位于南方典型水土流失区的平江流域为研究对象,以长序列历史观测数据为基础,应用径流调控理论,对流域水土保持综合治理措施体系水沙调配效益进行了定性和定量的对比分析,结果表明：通过30多年的水土保持综合治理,平江流域径流洪枯比由治理前1958～1979年的年均3.51下降到治理后1980～2015年的年均2.45,枯季径流量占全年径流总量的比例总体呈上升趋势;流域年输沙量呈显著下降趋势,年均减少1.48%,尤其是治理后期的2003～2015年,流域年均输沙量比治理前下降了61.4%.体现了流域水土保持综合治理调控径流时空分配及减沙效益显著.

赣江上游平江流域近30年不同量级降雨日数时空分布特征

以赣江上游平江流域为研究对象,基于9个雨量站点1989-2018年逐小时降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和反距离权重插值法对不同量级降雨日数在年、季、月尺度上进行分析。结果表明:(1)近30年来,平江流域小、中、大、暴雨日占总降雨日数的比率分别为67.71%、19.90%、9.17%、3.22%,降雨日数以小雨日为主,小、中、大、暴雨日分别集中在春、春、春、夏季,小、中、大、暴雨日月特征分别集中在1~6、2~8、3~8、5~8月;(2)各量级降雨日数在各尺度上的空间分布为小雨日主要集中在流域南部,暴雨日主要为南低北高,中、大雨日差异较大;(3)趋势分析得到,小、中雨日在月尺度上表现相对活跃,11月小、中雨日呈显著上升趋势,大、暴雨日则无明显变化。结论:对于流域灾害防治,应更加关注5、6月流域北部由暴雨引发的自然灾害;对于水资源开发利用主要关注9~12月。研究对于流域山洪防治、水土流失治理及天气变化等方面的研究具有重要的参考价值。

Transfer and Transformation of Soil Iron and Implications for Hydrogeomorpholocial Changes in Naoli River Catchment, Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Wetland soils are characterized by alternating redox process due to the fluctuation of waterlogged conditions. Iron is an important redox substance, and its transfer and transformation in the wetland ecosystem could be an effective indicator for the environment changes. In this paper, we selected the Naoli River catchment in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China as the study area to analyze the dynamics of transfer and transformation of soil iron, and the relationship between iron content change and environmental factors. The results show that the total and crystalline iron contents reach the peak in the depth of 60 cm in soil profile, while the amorphous iron content is higher in the topsoil. In the upper reaches, from the low to high landscape positions, the total and crystalline iron contents decrease from 62.98 g/kg to 41.61 g/kg, 22.82 g/kg to 10.53 g/kg respectively, while the amorphous iron content increases from 2.42 g/kg to 8.88 g/kg. Amorphous iron content has positive correlation with organic matter and soil water contents, while negative correlation with pH. Moreover, both the crystalline and amorphous iron contents present no correlation with total iron content, indicating that environmental factors play a more important role in the transfer and transformation of iron other than the content of the total iron. Different redoximorphic features were found along the soil profile due to the transfer and transformation of iron. E and B horizons of wetland soil in the study area have a matrix Chroma 2 or less, and all the soil types can meet the criteria of American hydric soil indicators except albic soil.

Three Gorges Dam Controls Sediment Coarsening of the Mud Patch on the Inner East China Sea Shelf

The well-known Three Gorges Dam(TGD) within the Yangtze catchment launched its operation in 2003. The effect of the TGD operation on the sediment size on the East China Sea shelf is rarely known. High resolution(0.5 cm sampling) grain size analysis and 137 Cs and 210 Pb dating of the DH8-1 core were conducted with core collected from the distal part of a main sink for the modern Yangtze sediment entering the sea, the Min-Zhe Coastal Mud Deposits(MZCMD) on the inner East China Sea shelf. The 137 Cs dating results show that the core DH8-1 formed during 1946–2012 with a mean deposition rate of 0.65 cm yr^(-1), indicating that the 0.5 cm sampling for grain size analysis in this local area could reflect environmental changes generally on a one-year time scale. The mean grain size of DH8-1 core sediment that deposited after 2003 is significantly larger than that deposited during 1988–2002. After ruling out other possible factors, we infer that the sediment coarsening of DH8-1 core after 2003 is attributed to the TGD operation which causes the erosion of the Yangtze subaqueous delta. Specifically, the TGD operation significantly intensifies the declining trend of the Yangtze sediment loads to the sea despite no decreased water discharge, which results in extensive erosion of the Yangtze subaqueous delta. The relatively coarse sediment of the subaqueous delta is eroded and resuspended by ocean dynamics and then transported by coastal current, finally depositing on the MZCMD area. In addition, the general sediment fining of core DH8-1 that deposited during 1988–2002, comparing with 1946–1987, is mainly caused by dam construction and soil and water conservation within the Yangtze catchment. Our findings are helpful for better understanding the effects of such a huge dam as the TGD on a sediment sink like the MZCMD of such a large river as the Yangtze River.

Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in River Basins of China Projected by RegCM4

In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes of terrestrial water storage （TWS） in major river basins of China, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES）： A1B, A2, and B1. The historic simula- tion revealed that the variations of TWS, which are dominated by precipitation in the basins, rely highly on their climatic features. Compared with the historic simu- lation, the changes of TWS in the scenario simulations showed strong regional differences. However, for all sce- narios, TWS was found to increase most in Northeast China and surrounding mountains around the Tibetan Plateau, and decrease most in eastern regions of China. Unlike the low seasonal variations of TWS in arid areas, the TWS showed strong seasonal variations in eastern monsoon areas, with the maximum changes usually oc- curring in summer, when TWS increases most in a year. Among the three scenario simulations, TWS increased most in Songhua River Basin of B1 scenario, and de- creased most in Pearl River Basin of A2 scenario and Hal River Basin of A1B scenario, accompanied by different annual trends and seasonal variations.

Water vapor transport over China and its relationship with drought and flood in Yangtze River Basin

The characteristics of water vapor transport(WVT) over China and its relationship with precipitation anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin(YRB) are analyzed by using the upper-air station data in China and ECMWF reanalysis data in summer from 1981 to 2002.The results indicate that the first mode of the vertically integrated WVT is significant whose spatial distribution presents water vapor convergence or divergence in the YRB.When the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) is strong and shifts southward and westward, the Indian Monsoon Low Pressure(IMLP) is weak, and the northern part of China stands behind the middle and high latitude trough, a large amount of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal(BOB), the South China Sea(SCS) and the western Pacific forms a strong and steady southwest WVT band and meets the strong cold water vapor from northern China in the YRB, thus it is likely to cause flood in the YRB.When WPSH is weak and shifts northward and eastward, IMLP is strong, and there is nearly straight west wind over the middle and high latitude, it is unfavorable for oceanic vapor extending to China and no steady and strong southwest WVT exists in the region south of the YRB.Meanwhile, the cold air from northern China is weak and can hardly be transported to the YRB.This brings on no obvious water vapor convergence, and then less precipitation in the YRB.

Trends in Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin,South China(1961-2007)

Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes. Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorological stations are used. Two temperature indicators （monthly mean and monthly maximum mean） and three precipitation indicators （monthly total, monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation, and monthly dry days） are analyzed. Tendencies in all five indicators can be observed. Many stations show significant positive trends （above the 90% confidence level） for monthly mean temperatures and monthly maximum mean temperatures. For all months, a significant increase in temperature from 1961 to 2007 can be observed in the entire basin with the coastal area in particular. Positive trends of precipitation extremes can be observed from January to March. Negative trends are detected from September to November. The number of dry days in October increased significantly at 40% of all meteorological stations. Stations with changes of monthly precipitation extremes are scattered over the Zhujiang River Basin. An aggregation of heat waves and droughts can be detected which is accompanied by significant increases of temperature extremes and the negative tendencies in precipitation extremes. The detection of tendencies in climate station density. extremes essentially relies on a good data quality and high

The Relationship between the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Precipitation and Its Interannual Variability over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley

The intensity of summer precipitation interannual variability is strongest over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV). The variability is larger than 1.5 mm d–1 and up to 35%–40% of the climatological mean summer precipitation. The relationship between the interdecadal change in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability over this area is investigated, by analyzing five gauged and re-constructed precipitation datasets. The relationship is found to be very weak over the MLYRV, with a correlation coefficient of only approximately 0.10. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation influences the western North Pacific subtropical high, which is responsible for the interdecadal change in summer precipitation over the MLYRV. However, the precipitation interannual variability is closely related to the ENSO events in the preceding winter due to its impact on the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet. Different physical mechanisms cause different interdecadal variation in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability, and thus result in a poor relationship.

The planning and comprehensive utilization of Three Gorges Project

As the most significant water project,the Three Gorges Project (TGP) was designed to take care of multiple objectives for water utilization such as flood control,power generation and navigation.The implementation of the project improved the flood safety level of Jingjiang reach to more than 100-year return period,which reduced greatly the flood risk at the mid-lower reaches of Changjiang River,produce huge quantity of energy for the central,east and south China,and improved significantly the navigation conditions of Chuanjiang River.Meanwhile,the operation of the TGP in dry season which compensate the downstream water resources,will as well deepen the navigation channel and thus improve the navigation conditions in the middle river reach.With the increasing demands raised from various aspects of the society,new requirements will be made for the TGP for the purpose of harnessing,development and protection of the Yangtze River Basin.Therefore,it will be a long-term task for the operation of TGP on how to optimize the water resources utilization and implement an effective operation.

Evolution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates in Cotton Fields and Its Influences on Cotton Yield in the Yangtze River Valley

[Objective] The historical evolution pattern of nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） fertilizer application rate and its effects on lint cotton yield were explored to provide the theoretical basis for reasonable fertilizer management strate-gy in the cotton planting region of the Yangtze River Val ey. [Method] GGE biplot analysis method was adopted to analyze the correlation among N, P and K fertilizer application rate and lint cotton yield with the dataset of national cotton regional trials of the Yangtze River Val ey during 1991-2013. The linear and nonlinear regression analysis method was used to reveal the evolution of the fertilizer applying patterns, and analyze the effects of N, P, K application rates on cotton lint yield. [Result] The application rates of N, P and K fertilizer presented highly significant positive corre-lation with lint cotton yield, among which the potassium fertilizer was the strongest relative factor with lint cotton yield, fol owed by phosphorus fertilizer, while nitrogen fertilizer was the weakest factor. The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer was relat-ed with the test year in the pattern of a quadratic function, while phosphate and potassium had progressive increase linear relation with the test year in the cotton planting region of the Yangtze River Val ey. Meanwhile, cotton lint yield was in re-sponse to nitrogen fertilizer content increase with a quadratic parabola function, and increased with the applying phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer content with linearly increasing function. [Conclusion] The increasing application amount of N, P and K fertilizer was general y beneficial to cotton yield improvements, however, ex-orbitant applying nitrogen fertilizer was unfavorable for cotton production, and a reasonable mixture formula of N, P and K fertilizer was better in terms of cotton yield-increasing effect.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Supply and Demand Balance of Water Supply Services in the Dongjiang Lake Basin and Its Beneficiary Areas

Water-related ecosystem services is a hot topic in ecological research. Water supply services are crucial to regional water cycles and water quantity balance. The Dongjiang Lake basin is a national priority river basin in China where ecological compensation pilot programs concerning water resources and water supply services are top priorities for ecosystem service protection. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns associated with generation and use of water supply services in the Dongjiang Lake basin using the In VEST model, socio-economic data and water resource data. We found that between 1995 and 2010, water yield in the Dongjiang Lake basin and its beneficiary areas increased before declining, varying 9350–12 400 m3 ha-1 y-1; average water yield peaked in 2000. The spatial distribution patterns of water yield during these years are similar, progressively decreasing from upstream to downstream with a remarkable reduction in surrounding areas of city clusters. Average water consumption of the basin and its beneficiary areas ranged from 2900–4450 m3 ha-1 y-1 between 1995 and 2010; the spatial distribution patterns of water consumption during these years are similar, dropping gradually from urban construction land to its surroundings with a stronger gradient between urban and rural areas. More water was consumed on both banks and surroundings of the lake. From 1995 to 2010, water supply fell short of demand for urban construction land and its proximity as well as areas along the lake. Water supply services were able to satisfy needs in other regions. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city cluster suffers from the most strained water supply.