本文采用卤素掩星试验(Halogen Occultation Experiment,HALOE)资料探讨了火山活动相对平静期平流层气溶胶与O3、H2O、HCl、NOx、CH4、HF等微量气体以及温度的关系。滞后相关分析显示气溶胶与微量气体和温度有显著关系,不同成分的相关...本文采用卤素掩星试验(Halogen Occultation Experiment,HALOE)资料探讨了火山活动相对平静期平流层气溶胶与O3、H2O、HCl、NOx、CH4、HF等微量气体以及温度的关系。滞后相关分析显示气溶胶与微量气体和温度有显著关系,不同成分的相关性特征有所差异,中低纬度上空70～20hPa高度上气溶胶与温度呈负相关。标准化多元线性回归显示温度变化的直接贡献者主要是温室气体,气溶胶的直接贡献很有限。本文采用环境重要成分的化学、辐射和输送模式SOCRATES(Simulation of Chemistry,Radiation,and Transport of Environ-mentally important Species)模拟了气溶胶变化对平流层的影响,微量气体和温度的响应总体上与HALOE资料的分析结果吻合,温度的变化幅度远小于气溶胶的变化幅度。结果表明:在气溶胶含量较高的气层内,气溶胶表面的非均相反应对气溶胶与微量气体的关系有重要影响。不同于火山喷发后的致暖,在火山活动相对平静期气溶胶的辐射效应为致冷,这与气溶胶含量较低有关,气溶胶通过非均相反应引起的间接辐射效应强于其自身的辐射效应,但总辐射效应对温度变化的贡献很小。展开更多
天气、季节气候和飓风多模式超级集合预报评述——A review of multimodel superensemble forecasting for weather,seasonal climate,and hurricanes.Reviews of Geophysics,2016,Vol.54,No.2.美国佛罗里达州立大学的Krishnamurti等对...天气、季节气候和飓风多模式超级集合预报评述——A review of multimodel superensemble forecasting for weather,seasonal climate,and hurricanes.Reviews of Geophysics,2016,Vol.54,No.2.美国佛罗里达州立大学的Krishnamurti等对天气、气候、海洋和飓风的集合预报进行了综述。综述指出,多模式集合不能只停留在集合平均上,而是应通过一种特别的过程以减少集体偏差。展开更多
The current paper introduces an empirical method for estimating the vertical distribution of background stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles covering the latitude bands of 50±5°N,40±5°N,30...The current paper introduces an empirical method for estimating the vertical distribution of background stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles covering the latitude bands of 50±5°N,40±5°N,30±5°N,and 20±5°N and the longitude range of 75 135°E based on Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at wavelengths of 1020 nm,525 nm,452 nm,and 386 nm for the volcanically calm years between 1998 2004.With this method,the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficients can be estimated according to latitude and wavelength.Comparisons of the empirically calculated aerosol extinction profiles and the SAGE II aerosol measurements show that the empirically calculated aerosol extinction coefficients are consistent with SAGE II values,with relative differences within 10% from 2 km above the tropopause to 33 km,and within 22% from 33 km to 35 km.The empirically calculated aerosol stratospheric optical depths (vertically integrated aerosol extinction coefficient) at the four wavelengths are also consistent with the corresponding SAGE II optical depth measurements,with differences within 2.2% in the altitude range from 2 km above the tropopause to 35 km.展开更多
Stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles are retrieved from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography(SCIAMACHY) limb scatter measurements.In the process of retrieval,the SCIATRAN radiative...Stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles are retrieved from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography(SCIAMACHY) limb scatter measurements.In the process of retrieval,the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model is used to simulate the limb scattering radiation received by the SCIAMACHY instrument,and an optimal estimation algorithm is used to calculate the aerosol extinction profiles.Sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the impact of the surface albedo on the accuracy of the retrieved aerosol extinction profiles in the northern midlatitudes.It is found that the errors resulting from the bias of the assumed surface albedo in the retrieval are generally below 6%.The retrieved SCIAMACHY aerosol extinction profiles are compared with corresponding Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment(SAGE) II measurements,and the results indicate that for the zonal mean profiles,the SCIAMACHY retrievals show good agreement with SAGE II measurements,with the absolute differences being less than 2.3×10-5 km-1 from 14–25 km,and less than 5.9×10-6 km-1 from 25–35 km;and the relative differences being within 20% over the latitude range of 14–35 km.展开更多
文摘本文采用卤素掩星试验(Halogen Occultation Experiment,HALOE)资料探讨了火山活动相对平静期平流层气溶胶与O3、H2O、HCl、NOx、CH4、HF等微量气体以及温度的关系。滞后相关分析显示气溶胶与微量气体和温度有显著关系,不同成分的相关性特征有所差异,中低纬度上空70～20hPa高度上气溶胶与温度呈负相关。标准化多元线性回归显示温度变化的直接贡献者主要是温室气体,气溶胶的直接贡献很有限。本文采用环境重要成分的化学、辐射和输送模式SOCRATES(Simulation of Chemistry,Radiation,and Transport of Environ-mentally important Species)模拟了气溶胶变化对平流层的影响,微量气体和温度的响应总体上与HALOE资料的分析结果吻合,温度的变化幅度远小于气溶胶的变化幅度。结果表明:在气溶胶含量较高的气层内,气溶胶表面的非均相反应对气溶胶与微量气体的关系有重要影响。不同于火山喷发后的致暖,在火山活动相对平静期气溶胶的辐射效应为致冷,这与气溶胶含量较低有关,气溶胶通过非均相反应引起的间接辐射效应强于其自身的辐射效应,但总辐射效应对温度变化的贡献很小。
文摘天气、季节气候和飓风多模式超级集合预报评述——A review of multimodel superensemble forecasting for weather,seasonal climate,and hurricanes.Reviews of Geophysics,2016,Vol.54,No.2.美国佛罗里达州立大学的Krishnamurti等对天气、气候、海洋和飓风的集合预报进行了综述。综述指出,多模式集合不能只停留在集合平均上,而是应通过一种特别的过程以减少集体偏差。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB403401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40875084)
文摘The current paper introduces an empirical method for estimating the vertical distribution of background stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles covering the latitude bands of 50±5°N,40±5°N,30±5°N,and 20±5°N and the longitude range of 75 135°E based on Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at wavelengths of 1020 nm,525 nm,452 nm,and 386 nm for the volcanically calm years between 1998 2004.With this method,the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficients can be estimated according to latitude and wavelength.Comparisons of the empirically calculated aerosol extinction profiles and the SAGE II aerosol measurements show that the empirically calculated aerosol extinction coefficients are consistent with SAGE II values,with relative differences within 10% from 2 km above the tropopause to 33 km,and within 22% from 33 km to 35 km.The empirically calculated aerosol stratospheric optical depths (vertically integrated aerosol extinction coefficient) at the four wavelengths are also consistent with the corresponding SAGE II optical depth measurements,with differences within 2.2% in the altitude range from 2 km above the tropopause to 35 km.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41275047)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2013CB955801)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.XDA05100300)
文摘Stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles are retrieved from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography(SCIAMACHY) limb scatter measurements.In the process of retrieval,the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model is used to simulate the limb scattering radiation received by the SCIAMACHY instrument,and an optimal estimation algorithm is used to calculate the aerosol extinction profiles.Sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the impact of the surface albedo on the accuracy of the retrieved aerosol extinction profiles in the northern midlatitudes.It is found that the errors resulting from the bias of the assumed surface albedo in the retrieval are generally below 6%.The retrieved SCIAMACHY aerosol extinction profiles are compared with corresponding Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment(SAGE) II measurements,and the results indicate that for the zonal mean profiles,the SCIAMACHY retrievals show good agreement with SAGE II measurements,with the absolute differences being less than 2.3×10-5 km-1 from 14–25 km,and less than 5.9×10-6 km-1 from 25–35 km;and the relative differences being within 20% over the latitude range of 14–35 km.
