A Note on the Reasons of High Level of Agricultural Fertilization of Farmers

[Objective] The reason of the high level of agricultural fertilization was studied from economics angle.[Method] Farmers fertilization input model was developed.The time series data from 1990 to 2004 in Jiangsu Province was applied for analysis.[Result] The fertilizer price,labor price and agricultural products price can explain 93% of the changes of farmers＇ fertilization level.The influence of farmers＇ education level was insignificant.The dysfunction of the agricultural technology promotion system had certain influence on farmers＇ fertilizing behavior.[Conclusion] The high level of fertilization was partially because of shortage of scientific fertilizing technology and more importantly was the substitution effect caused by the rising in wages of labor in relative to price of chemical fertilizations and the derivation effect caused by the increase in the prices of agricultural products.

Relation between Economic Development Level and Resource and Environment Carrying Capacity of Central Area of Yunnan Province Based on Decoupling Analysis

Based on the decoupiing theory and method, an indicator system was built for the relation between economic development level and resource and environment carrying capacity. And the study was carried out on decoupling degree and temporal changes of economic development level and resource and environment carrying ca- pacity in the central area of Yunnan Province. Results indicated that （i） the economic development level and resource and environment carrying capacity in the central area of Yunnan Province mainly experienced strong decoupling, weak decoupling, and ex- pansive negative coupling, and in general it was strong decoupling, and it took on re- verse ＂N＂ in temporal changes. （ii） Change rate of economic development level in the central area of Yunnan Province was greater than zero, but the amplitude of change was not large, while the change rate of resource and environment carrying capacity was negative in 2007-2008, and it was positive in the rest years; from 2007, it took on gradual expansion trend, and scissors difference gradually increased after experi- encing reverse ＂V＂ change. （iii） The strong decoupling was the main situation and it reached the peak value in T5 period and T6 pedod.

真正的市场经济应是法制经济

市场经济是以法律作为规范的经济,没有法律的保障和法制的同步建设,市场经济体制就不可能有效地确立和完备。 古今中外的历史表明,哪个国家的法制完备,那个国家市场经济的运行就秩序井然,宏观与微观管理的水平就高,市场经济化的程度和效率也越大。就早期资本主义而言。

济源市党政领导要求档案局馆争创全国一流水平

济源市党政领导要求档案局馆争创全国一流水平济档１月２４日下午２时至６时，济源市分管档案工作的市委常委、市委办公室主任程邦梅和市政府副市长王克荣到市档案局（馆）检查工作，现场办公。在详细听取了市档案局的工作汇报后，翟邦梅主任和王克荣副市长对局（馆）互毛...

西方国家失业的历史及分析

没有任何由经济学专家组成的顾问团能够取得一致意见,找到医治“停滞膨胀”这一现代疾病的令人满意的方法,许多开出的药方和疾病本身一样不可取,由此,我们可以说,如果哪位年轻的经济学者在经验研究和理论研究上取得突破,帮助混合经济较为有效地医治这一造成痛苦的瘤疾,他将荣获诺贝尔奖金.

Analysis of Types and Changes of Village-level Economy in Rural Gongyi City, Henan Province Since 1990

Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we de-fine six types of village-level economy, i.e. "to be extremely poor", "to make a basic living", "to dress warmly and eat one's fill", "to try to enrich (to disengage poverty)", "to be well-off" and "to be affluent". The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, veri-fied and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi's rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the rela-tive differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with abso-lute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and tradi-tional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advan-tages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the "core-periphery" economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.

Basic Characteristics,Spatial Disparity and Its Major Influencing Factors of Service Industry in China

Based on the analysis of its basic characteristics, this article investigated the disparities of Chinese service industry among the three regions （the eastern China, the western China and the middle China） and inter-provincial disparities of that in the three regions by Theil coefficient and cluster analysis. Then, major factors influencing its spatial disparity were explored by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The conclusions could be drawn as follows. 1） The development of Chinese service industry experienced three phases since the 1980s： rapid growth period, slow growth period, and recovery period. From the proportion of value-added and employment, its development was obviously on the low level. From the composition of industrial structure, traditional service sectors were dominant, but modem service sectors were lagged. Moreover, its spatial disparity was distinct. 2） The level of Chinese service industry was divided into five basic regional ranks： well-developed, developed, relatively-developed, underdeveloped and undeveloped regions, As a whole, the overall structure of spatial disparity was steady in 1990-2005. But there was notable gradient disparity in the interior structure of service industry among different provinces. Furthermore, the overall disparity expanded rapidly in 1990-2005. The inter-provincial disparity of service industry in the three regions, especially in the eastern China, was bigger than the disparity among the three regions. And 3） the level of economic development, the level of urban development, the scale of market capacity, the level of transportation and telecommunication, and the abundance of human resources were major factors influencing the development of Chinese service industry.

Classification of Country Patterns in the World Based on Their Levels of Economy and Emission Process of Greenhouse Gases

According to the authoritative data involving social economic indicators and greenhouse gas （GHG） emission from the international universal database, the levels and processes of economic development and GHG emission in major economic groups, nations and regions of the world are simultaneously analyzed. Obtaining Gross Domestic Product （GDP） and emission per capita from various countries and regions in the past 40 years as the standard, countries and regions in the world are divided into six groups： countries with low emission per capita and low economic level （IA）, countries with low emission per capita and medium economic level （IIA）, countries with low emission per capita and high economic level （IIIA）, countries with high emission per capita and medium economic level （liB）, countries with high emission per capita and high economic level （IIIB）, countries with high emission per capita and low economic level （IB）. Countries belong to IB are quite rare in the study period, while the first five groups correspond to the poor regions, main developing countries, economically transitional countries with rapid economic development, rich islands and developed North America and Europe respectively. Data analysis shows that there is a close relationship between emission and economic development of different countries and regions. The composition relationship between economic development of different countries and regions is relatively stable over a long period of time. From 1970 to 2005, rising trends existed in the economic development of most countries and regions. However, the emission had a significant increase in a small part of countries and regions. In other words, for those with high emission, the emission level is always high. But for those with low GHG emission, the emission does not increase too much. The main processes of the change of countries pattern from IA to IIA and from II B to IIIB, occurring in the 1970s and from the late 1970s to the 1980s respectively. That result has .a significant enlightening effect in understanding the relationship between emission and eco- nomic development and its historical process of various countries and in choosing the position of our country in the future climate diplomatic negotiations.

Four Decades of China's Income Distribution Reform

Income gaps in China kept widening over the past four decades of economic transition. First, this paper describes the change in income gaps before and after reform and opening-up in 1978 and found that income gaps had been expanding between urban and rural areas, within cities and within the countryside. However, this did not lead to income polarization since low-income groups only had a slower income growth compared with highincome groups. The number of poor people continuously reduced thanks to rapid economic growth. Over the past decade, the widening of income gaps has been initially curbed. Accordingly, we explained the impact of economic transition on income distribution from the perspectives of market-based distribution, ownership structure, opening-up and internal income distribution. Lastly, this paper provides an in-depth analysis on urban-rural income gaps, excessive compensation in monopolistic sectors and income inequalities arising from corruption. To address these problems, it is important to enhance tax regulation, increase transfer payments to poor people, improve social security, equalize public services, enhance poverty relief and develop a fairer income distribution system.

Comparative Study between Waffle and Solid Slab Systems in Terms of Economy and Seismic Performance of a Typical 14-Story RC Building

In order to maximize the return of investments and at the same time improve the quality in the construction industry of midrise buildings, it is very important to derive an optimal solution to the building structural system, which would facilitate faster and easier construction activities with minimal quantity of construction material, while maintaining the satisfactory level of building safety and performance. This paper makes a comparative study between a ＂solid＂ and a ＂waffle＂ slab system. A typical 14-story RC building structure is selected as an example for this study purpose. The first part of this study is focused in deriving an optimal solution for a solid and waffle slab system which are later on considered as constituents of all stories of the 14-story building. In the second part, it is elaborated the effect of both slab systems over the 14-story building model. This study aims to emphasize the advantages of mid-rise buildings constituted of waffle slab system over the buildings characterized with solid types of slabs, in terms of economy, structural safety and performance.

Response of fine particulate matter to reductions in anthropogenic emissions in Beijing during the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation summit

The nested-grid capability of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, with a horizontal resolution of 1/4°× 5/16° （latitude x longitude）, was used to identify the chemical species whose reductions made the largest contributions to decreases in PM2.s concentrations （fine particulate matter, diameter 〈 2.5μm, defined in this study as the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols） in Beijing during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （APEC） summit. A number of numerical experiments were carried out for the period 15 October-29 November 2014. The model reproduced the observed daily variations of concentrations of PM2.s and gas-phase species （carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide）. Simulated PM2.s concentrations decreased by 55.9%-58.5% during the APEC period, compared to other periods in October and November 2014, which agreed closely with measurements. Sensitivity results showed that emissions control measures regarding nitrogen oxides and organic carbon over North China led to the largest reductions in PM2.s concentrations in Beijing during the APEC summit, which led to overall reductions in the PM2.5 concentration of Beijing by 5.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The control of ammonia emissions was found to be able to greatly reduce PM2.5 concentrations in the whole of North China during the APEC meeting.

Responses of Primary Productivity to Current and Climate Changes in the Mud Area to the Southwest of Cheju Island During the Past 800 Years

The biogenic silica (BSi) ,total organic carbon (TOC) ,total nitrogen (TN) and grain size were analyzed with a gravity core (3250-6) collected from the mud area in the north East China Sea.The average deposition rate of the upper core was about 0.078cm yr1based on the results of 210Pbex.The mean grain size increased with depth in general.The frequency distribution of grain size showed that two marked changes of deposition environment occurred at 30 cm and 50 cm depths (about 1550 AD and 1300 AD,respectively) .The variations of BSi and TOC indicated two distinct major periods of primary productivity over the past 800 years:a stage of low primary productivity corresponding to weak upwelling and low nutrient input below 30 cm depth (about 1200-1550 AD) ,and a stage of high primary productivity with strong currents and upwelling above 30 cm depth (about 1550-1950 AD) .The stage with high primary productive appeared to be due to the northward-expanded muddy area caused by strong Asian Winter Monsoon and enhanced Yellow Sea Warm Current in winter.In conclusion,the BSi and TOC in the muddy sediments,the symbols of marine primary productivity,can be then used to investigate the evolution history of currents and relative climate change in the offshore areas.

China＇s Economic Reform and Its Prospects

China＇s economy can be characterized as having two correlated imbalances, i.e. imbalances in its domestic and international economic structures. It would be very difficult to identify a causal relationship between the two imbalances. In any case, this is an outcome of the past few decades. The same situation can also befound in other countries. Where are China＇s economy and its reform heading towards？ At the macro-level, the econmnic policies guiding China＇s economy and its performance are closely related to the two imbalances. One thing is for certain： world economic equilibrium will help balance various economies including China. But the world economy cannot automatically balance itself. Various economies must restore their balance before equilibrium can be achieved at the global level. For individual countries, balancing their domestic economy is what they can concentrate on. In other words, China needs to rely on its own efforts to achieve internal economic balance through reform. Internal econontic balance will promote sustainable development and contribute to the world economic balance. The questhm is where will such internal balance come from？ How can China achieve an internal rebalance？

China＇s Economic Circumstances and Prospects： A Post-Reform Era

China ＇s current economic circumstances are defined by five basic features. （1） For the global economy as a whole, the ＂post-crisis era＂ is ending. （2） China＇s overall economy continues to develop steadily. （3） China has entered a ＂post-reform era.＂ （4） China＇s eastern region and western regions have attained different levels of economic development in terms of capital construction, social development, and household consumption. And （5） China＇ s regional development is still uneven. In the near future, the speed, momentum, environment, priorities and sources of China＇s economic development will see new changes.

The location analysis of real estate project development

Under the new situation of the macroscopic readjustment and control of the housing policy as well as the transformation of individual consumption ideas, this article has carded on the analysis on the housing location theory and its impact factors, and then emphatically pointed out the important impact of the housing location factors in the development of real estate project on urban development area and the built-up area＇s construction according to the theory, and it is expected that the developer of real estate project may benefit from the new background.

Urbanisation and Economic Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The fundamental characteristics of urbanisation and economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of 19th, and at the beginning of 20th century, have been discussed in the paper. The recent developmental urban processes have been considered through three groups of indicators： demographic, regional and socio-geographic development. Based on results of the surveys conducted in the regional economic centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011, a development of urban functions in the urban centres has been shown. It has been proved that the dominant tertiary activities have a big importance and an intensive influence on urban and economic development in all urban settlements. The research included a theoretical part within which the literature on urban and economic development of settlements has been searched. For needs of the research, eight economic centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina were chosen. Analysis of the obtained results shows a different level of urbanisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina with particularly separated larger and asymmetrically distributed urban centres： Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Banja Luka, Zenica, and Biha6. The mentioned urban and economic centres are distributed along the major traffic communications. The settlements in east and west part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which a traffic network is poorly developed, have a lower urbanisation level. The obtained data proved the existence of a traditional difference and a different level in development of particular regions and total economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Low urbanisation level of a large number of settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is in direct connection with economic development and density of those settlements. The achieved urbanisation level with an overall economic development is characteristic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of the other countries in its surroundings as well.

FORECAST ON FUTURE LEVEL OF ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA

China is a country in the period of economy takeoff. We cannot use the commonmethod to forecast its future economy level. This paper establishes an economic level forecastmodel of the countries whose economy is in the take off because of the stimulation of model country.The enlightenment of the model is from physics. If there are two substances, A and B, and a mediumbetween them, according to physics, when substance A is hotter than B, B's temperature willinevitably rise and close to that of A. Thus, this system tends to be a state of balance. Threefactors affect heat conduction between substance A and B. They are the difference of temperaturebetween two substances, the conductivity of medium and the characteristics of themselves. The modelis testified through two examples. And then we forecast the economic development level of China inlong term. This paper raises a model to solve the problem of research approaches. However, sincethere are some limitations on data source, problems will appear. For example, in certain years, ourforecast results do not suit the real situation. But in the long term, the tendency is accurate.Then this model can be amended in accordance with different situations.

Spatial distribution of mountainous regions and classifications of economic development in China

China is a mountainous country with a great diversity of landform and geomorphology.This diversity underlines the need for regionalization and classification.This study defines the mountain terrains and regions with three criteria-elevation,relative height,and slope,and examines the extent of mountainous regions by using county as the basic administrative unit.According to the three parameters of economic base,resident income and development potential,we classified the economic development level in mountainous regions of China.The findings reveal that the extent of the mountainous region accounts for 74.9% of the China's Mainland's total area.The economic development of mountainous regions in China is classified into 4 main types and 23 subtypes.

Spatial Variation and Space Optimization of the Development of China’s Circular Economy

China＇s circular economy is still at the initial stage, whose development has many difficulties and problems requir- ing immediate resolution theoretically and practically. Due to the differences of regions on the scale of land, endowment of resources, economic basis and cultural background, the devel- opmental levels and capabilities of circular economy are inevi- tably different. Based on establishing the indicator system for assessing the developmental level of regional circular economy, spatial variation of China＇s circular economy is measured by the quantitative measurement using principal component analysis, and the existing problems are also analyzed and discussed. On one hand, the differences of the development capability of the circular economy of different provinces （cities） are profound in China; （!）Difference between the first category （strong） and the second category （relatively strong） is 1.1264 points. Difference between the second category and the third category （relatively weak） is 0.3867 points. Difference between the third category and the fourth category （weak） is 1.0238 points. Differencebetween the tlrst category and the tourtla category reaches up to 2.0869 points. Average difference between the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively strong and the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively weak is 1.3617 points. （~）The differences of the dis- tribution of the areas, with different development capability of circular economy, which are located in the three economic regions of China, are also profound. The regions with a relatively strong development capability of circular economy are mainly located in the eastern economic area, which account for 22.58% of the whole regions, while only account for 12.90% in the middle and western economic areas. On the contrary, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy account for 48.39% in the middle and western area, while ac- count for 16.13% in the eastern area. On the other hand, among regions with different development capability of circular econ- omy, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy are in a dominant position, which accountfor 64.52% of all the provinces （cities）, which indicates that the development of the China＇s circular economy still has a long way to go. Though certain achievements have been made in the development of China＇s circular economy, in general, there are still some obstacles to be tacked in the development of China＇s circular economy which require the economic, legal and administrative methods.

The functional analysis of state-owned enterprise human resource management in supporting culture construction

With the development of technology and people＇ s knowledge level, and the evolution of the economic model, human resources has become the most important resource in the development of enterprise and economy, its importance has been recognized by the society and more and more enterprises. How to make human resource management an important role and how to motivate staffs＇ spirit of dedication, has become an important task in the modem enterprise management. In this paper, by studying the function of enterprise culture construction and its relationship with human resource management, this article put forward a new model which enterprise human resource management should be equipped with under the new economic conditions.