鸦片战争赔款实付银两数额再研究

关于鸦片战争赔款,英方索要2 100万银元在学术界为无疑之论,而对清政府实际偿付之银两数额却颇多分歧。究其原因,既有研究或忽略了赔款偿付过程中银元与银两折算比率的变化,或忽略了各期赔款使用了不同的平码标准。对这两个因素进行详细考察,再综合其他特殊情况,统一平码后,最终计算出实际偿付银两数额为:以漕平纹银计约为1 505.81万两;以广平纹银计约为1 468.94万两;以中央库平纹银计约为1 479.27万两,以海关两计约为1 464.65万两。

Suppression of cell growth and invasion by miR-205 in breast cancer

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are endogenous, small, non-coding RNAs, which are capable of silencing gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we report that miR-205 is significantly underexpressed in breast tumor compared to the matched normal breast tissue. Similarly, breast cancer cell lines, including MCF-7 and MDA-MB- 231, express a lower level miR-205 than the non-malignant MCF-10A cells. Of interest, ectopic expression of miR-205 significantly inhibits cell proliferation and anchorage independent growth, as well as cell invasion. Furthermore, miR- 205 was shown to suppress lung metastasis in an animal model. Finally, western blot combined with the luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that ErbB3 and vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGF-A） are direct targets for miR-205, and this miR-205-mediated suppression is likely through the direct interaction with the putative miR-205 binding site in the 3＇-untranslated region （3＇-UTR） of ErbB3 and VEGF-A. Together, these results suggest that miR- 205 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer.

On Wyner-Ziv Problem for general sources with average distortion criterion

The Wyner-Ziv Problem for general sources with average distortion under fixed-length coding is investigated in this paper. To solve the problem,an enhanced covering lemma for a Markov chain is first established. Then based on the lemma,a general formula for the rate-distortion function of the problem is derived,where the distortion is only assumed uniformly bounded and may be nonadditive. Finally,it is further pointed out that such methods can be used to establish more general results on multiterminal source coding problems.

Discrete-Rate Adaptive Modulation with Variable Threshold for Distributed Antenna System in the Presence of Imperfect CSI

Discrete-rate adaptive modulation （AM） scheme for distributed antenna system （DAS） with imperfect channel state information （CSI） is developed, and the corresponding performance is investigated in composite Rayleigh channel. Subject to target bit error rate （BER） constraint, an improved fixed switching threshold （FST） for the AM scheme is presented by means of tightly-approximate BER expression, and it can avoid the performance loss fxom conventional FST. Based on the imperfect CSI, the variable switching threshold （VST） is derived by utilizing the maximum a posteriori method. This VST includes the improved FST as a special case, and may lower the impact of estimation error on the performance. By the switching thresholds, the spectrum efficiency （SE） and average BER of the system are respectively derived, and resulting closed- form expressions are attained. With these expressions, the system performance can be effectively evaluated. Simulation results show that the derived theoretical SE and BER can match the simulations well. Moreover, the AM with the presented FST has higher SE than that with the conventional one, and the AM with VST can tolerate the large estimation error while maintaining the target BER.

A Note on Authentication Codes with Arbitration

By use of partially balanced t-designs (v,b, k;λ,0) that is constructed by the rational normal curves given by [5] and the Cartesian product given by [4],an authentication code with arbitration is constructed and its probability of success of attacks by the transmitter, the receiver and the opponent is obtained in this paper.

APPLICATION OF TURBO CODES IN HIGH-SPEED REAL-TIME CHANNEL

The time delay of Turbo codes due to its iterative decoding is the main bottleneck of its application in real-time channel. However, the time delay can be greatly shortened through the adoption of parallel decod-ing algorithm, dividing the received bits into several sub-blocks and processing in parallel. This letter mainly discusses the applicability of turbo codes in high-speed real-time channel through the study of a parallel turbo decoding algorithm based on 3GPP-proposed turbo encoder and interleaver in various channel. Simulation re-sult shows that, by choosing an appropriate sub-block length, the time delay can be obviously shortened with-out degrading the performance and increasing hardware complexity, and furthermore indicates the applicability of Turbo codes in high-speed real-time channel.

An improved method of generating the self-balanced chaotic spread-spectrum code

An improved method of generating the self-balanced chaotic spread-spectrum code is presented. The chaotic-map pseudorandom sequence is used as the generated source. After a series of processing two-valued quantization, inversion, all upside down, radix-S block upside down and shift combination, the proposed code is achieved. Theory analysis and simulation performance of the improved code are illustrated. And the results indicate that the suggested method gains a better performance than the traditional one by reasonable choices of the initial value and the S parameter in the im- proved method. Meanwhile the chaotic sequence＇ s characteristic of large addresses is inherited when the chaotic-map is used as the source. This advantage makes this improved code very suitable for the multiple access application in communication system.

A POCS-Based Algorithm for Blocking Artifacts Reduction

An algorithm for blocking artifacts reduction in DCT domain for block-based image coding was developed. The algorithm is based on the projection onto convex set （POCS） theory. Due to the fact that the DCT characteristics of shifted blocks are different caused by the blocking artifacts, a novel smoothness constraint set and the corresponding projection operator were proposed to reduce the blocking artifacts by discarding the undesired high frequency coefficients in the shifted DCT blocks. The experimental resuhs show that the propo,sed algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithms in terms of objective quality, subiective quality, and convergence property.

A CODE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR NOT FULLY CONNECTED CHANNEL

There are parallel channels which are not fully connected in practice, such as Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM or Orthogonal FDM) systems. Conventional space-time codes can be used for such parallel channels but not the optimal. Based on the derivation of PEP expression for codes transmitted on parallel block fading channels, criteria of codes design for not fully connected channels are proposed and are compared with Tarokh's criteria for fully connected channel. New codes for such channels are provided by systematical and exhaustive search. Simulation results show that these codes offer better performance on parallel FDM channels than other known codes.

WATER-FILLING SPACE-TIME CODE IN CORRELATED FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING MISO CHANNELS

In this paper, STC with water-filling transmit power distribution in MISO system is proposed when the partial channel information feedback is possible, for example, at slow fading scenario. The performances of the water-filling STC including water-filling STTC and water-filling STBC are analyzed. Performance comparison of the Ungerboeck's 2/3 trellis coded 8PSK modulated 2-STBC and 2-STTCs with QPSK is given out in different channel correlation.

Thermal Noise Random Number Generator Based on LFSR

With the rapid development of cryptography, the strength of security protocols and encryption algorithms consumedly relies on the quality of random number. In many cryptography applications, higher speed is one of the references required. A new security random number generator architecture is presented. Its philosophy architecture is implemented with FPGA, based on the thermal noise and linear feedback shift register(LFSR). The thermal noise initializes LFSRs and is used as the disturbed source of the system to ensure the unpredictability of the produced random number and improve the security strength of the system. Parallel LFSRs can produce the pseudo-random numbers with long period and higher speed. The proposed architecture can meet the requirements of high quality and high speed in cryptography.

Complete Focal Plane Compression Based on CMOS Image Sensor Using Predictive Coding

In this paper, a CMOS image sensor(CIS) is proposed, which can accomplish both decorrelation and entropy coding of image compression directly on the focal plane. The design is based on predictive coding for image decorrelation. The predictions are performed in analog domain by 2×2 pixel units. Both the prediction residuals and original pixel values are quantized and encoded in parallel. Since the residuals have a peak distribution around zero,the output codewords can be replaced by the valid part of the residuals' binary mode. The compressed bit stream is accessible directly at the output of CIS without extra disposition. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves a compression rate of 2. 2 and PSNR of 51 on different test images.

The Arabidopsis PARAQUAT RESISTANT2 gene encodes an S-nitrosoglutathione reductase that is a key regulator of cell death

Metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione （GSNO）, a major biologically active nitric oxide （NO） species, is catalyzed by the evolutionally conserved GSNO reductase （GSNOR）. Previous studies showed that the Arabidopsis GSNOR1/ HOT5 gene regulates salicylic acid signaling and thermotolerance by modulating the intracellular S-nitrosothiol level. Here, we report the characterization of the Arabidopsisparaquat resistant2-1 （par2-1） mutant that shows an anti-cell death phenotype. The production of superoxide in par2-1 is comparable to that of wild-type plants when treated by paraquat （1,1＇-dimethyl-4,4＇-bipyridinium dichloride）, suggesting that PAR2 acts downstream of superoxide to regulate cell death. PAR2, identified by positional cloning, is shown to be identical to GSNOR1/HOT5. The par2-1 mutant carries a missense mutation in a highly conserved glycine, which renders the mutant protein unstable. Compared to wild type, par2-1 mutant has a higher NO level, as revealed by staining with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Consistent with this result, wild-type plants treated with an NO donor display resistance to paraquat. Interestingly, the GSNOR1/HOT5/PAR2 protein level, other than its steady-state mRNA level, is induced by paraquat, but is reduced by NO donors. Taken together, these results suggest that GSNOR1/HOT5/PAR2 plays an important role in regulating cell death in plant cells through modulating intracellular NO level.

Some Results on Minimum Aberration Mixed-level (2~r)2~n Factorial Designs

Mukerjee and Wu（2001） employed projective geometry theory to find the wordlength pattern of a regular mixed factorial design in terms of its complementary set, but only for the numbers of words of length 3 or 4. In this paper, by introducing a concept of consulting design and based on the connection between factorial design theory and coding theory, we obtain some combinatorial identities that relate the wordlength pattern of a regular mixed-level （2^r）2^n factorial design to that of its consulting design. Consequently, a general rule for identifying minimum aberration （2^r）2^n factorial designs through their consulting designs is established. It is an improvement and generalization of the related result in Mukerjee and Wu（2001）.

Performance of M-QAM, M-DPSK and M-PSK with MRC diversity in a Nakagami-m fading channel

The nature of a wireless communication channel is very unpredictable. To design a good communication link, it is required to know the statistical model of the channel accurately. The average symbol error probability(ASER) was analyzed for different modulation schemes. A unified analytical framework was presented to obtain closed-form solutions for calculating the ASER of M-ary differential phase-shift keying(M-DPSK), coherent M-ary phase-shift keying(M-PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) over single or multiple Nakagami-m fading channels. Moreover, the ASER was estimated and evaluated by using the maximal ratio-combining(MRC) diversity technique. Simulation results show that an error rate of the fading channel typically depends on Nakagami parameters(m), space diversity(N), and symbol rate(M). A comparison between M-PSK, M-DPSK, and M-QAM modulation schemes was shown, and the results prove that M-ary QAM(M-QAM) demonstrates better performance compared to M-DPSK and M-PSK under all fading and non-fading conditions.

Hardware Architecture for RSA Cryptography Based on Residue Number System

A parallel architecture for efficient hardware implementation of Rivest Shamir Adleman(RSA) cryptography is proposed.Residue number system(RNS) is introduced to realize high parallelism,thus all the elements under the same base are independent of each other and can be computed in parallel.Moreover,a simple and fast base transformation is used to achieve RNS Montgomery modular multiplication algorithm,which facilitates hardware implementation.Based on transport triggered architecture(TTA),the proposed architecture is designed to evaluate the performance and feasibility of the algorithm.With these optimizations,a decryption rate of 106 kbps can be achieved for 1 024-b RSA at the frequency of 100 MHz.

Distributed Adaptive Compressed Video Sensing Using Smoothed Projected Landweber Reconstruction

A novel Compressed-Sensing-based(CS-based)Distributed Video Coding(DVC)system,called Distributed Adaptive Compressed Video Sensing(DISACOS),is proposed in this paper.In this system,the input frames are divided into key frames and non-key frames,which are encoded by block CS sampling.The key frames are encoded as CS measurements at substantially higher rates than the non-key frames and decoded by the Smoothed Projected Landweber(SPL)algorithm using multi-hypothesis predictions.For the non-key frames,a small number of CS measurements are first transmitted to detect blocks having low-quality Side Information(SI)generated by the conventional interpolation or extrapolation at the decoder;then,another group of CS measurements are sampled again upon the decoder’s request.To fully utilise the CS measurements,we adaptively allocate these measurements to each block in terms of different edge features.Finally,the residual frame is reconstructed using the SPL algorithm and the decoded non-key frame is simply determined as the sum of the residual frame and the SI.Experimental results have revealed that our CS-based DVC system yields better rate-distortion performance when compared with other schemes.

A Novel Complexity Metric of Frequency Hopping Sequences

This paper made use of approximate entropy (ApEn) to evaluate the complexities of frequency-hopping (FH) sequences. By defining the maximal randomness of sequences with arbitrary lengths, ApEn can classify different complex systems including stochastic processes, deterministic random process and random processes. It modified the conventional ApEn, which is used for continuous data sequence, for the discrete FH sequences. Two important theorems were given and the related main parameters were discussed. The algorithm was tested with several families of FH sequences. The simulation results show that ApEn is able to discern the changing complexities of FH sequences with a relatively small amount of samples of sequences.

Levels of Probability of Exceedance for Current Code Spectra in China

Long-period acceleration spectra determined by seismic safety evaluation for project sites are generally lower than that given by relative code spectra.In this paper,we discuss the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra of different periods,by using ground motion attenuation laws for sites of types Ⅰ and Ⅲ.We show the results that the longer the periods of code spectra are commonly the more conservative the seismic level is.As for the project examples in this paper,when the periods are longer than 3.7 or 5.2 seconds for sites of types Ⅰ or Ⅲ,the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra are longer than 5000 years.We suggest that some problems need to be further discussed,including the reliability of the present attenuation laws,the performance of those project structures that suffer long period seismic waves and have been designed according to the conservative codes,and the effects of ground motion parameters such as velocity and displacement on seismic design.