基于簇内不平衡度量的粗糙K-means聚类算法

粗糙K-means聚类算法是一种有效的处理聚类边界模糊问题的算法,但大多数算法对簇的下近似集和边界中的对象使用统一的权值,忽略了簇内对象之间的差异性.针对这一问题提出一种新的改进算法,通过对簇内的每个对象加入簇内不平衡度量,以区分不同对象对簇的贡献程度,使得聚类结果簇内更紧凑、簇间更疏远.不同数据集的仿真实验结果表明,所提出算法可以有效提高聚类结果的精度.

基于模糊代表度的不平衡数据重采样方法

针对现有重采样技术中不平衡度量的缺陷,文章提出了一种基于模糊代表度的重采样方法(FRDR)。首先根据近邻传播算法找出代表性样本;然后利用马氏距离定义模糊相似度,分别计算每个样本的模糊代表度,并删去模糊代表度较低的样本,选取模糊代表度符合标准的正类样本进行过采样,直到模糊代表度差满足条件;最后,将传统的过采样方法与所提出的方法进行比较,结果表明该方法更具优越性。

A Heat Budget Study on the Mechanism of SST Variations in the Indian Ocean Dipole Regions

By using a new heat budget equation that is closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and a dataset from an ocean general circulation model (MOM2) with 10-a integration (1987-1996), the relative importance of various processes determining SST variations in two regions of the Indian Ocean is compared. These regions are defined by the Indian Ocean Dipole Index and will be referred to hereafter as the eastern (0°-10°S, 90°-110°E) and western regions (10°S-10°N, 50°-70°E), respectively. It is shown that in each region there is a falling of SST in boreal summer and a rising in most months of other seasons, but the phases are quite different. In the eastern region, maximum cooling rate occurs in July,whereas in the western region it occurs in June with much larger magnitude. Maximum heating rate occurs in November in the eastern region, but in March in the western one. The western region exhibits another peak of increasing rate of SST in October, indicating a typical half-year period. Net surface heat flux and entrainment show roughly the same phases as the time-varying term, but the former has much larger contribution in most of a year, whereas the latter is important in the boreal summer. Horizontal advection, however, shows completely different seasonal variations as compared with any other terms in the heat budget equation. In the eastern region, it has a maximum in June/November and a minimum in March/September, manifesting a half-year period; in the western region, it reaches the maximum in August and the minimum in November. Further investigation of the horizontal advection indicates that the zonal advection has almost the opposite sign to the meridional advection. In the eastern region, the zonal advection is negative with a peak in August, whereas the meridional one is positive with two peaks in June and October. In the western region, the zonal advection is negative from March to November with two peaks in June and November, whereas the meridional one is positive with one peak in July.Different phases can be clearly seen between the two regions for each component of the horizontal advection. A detailed analysis of the data of 1994, a year identified when the Indian Ocean dipole event happened, indicates that the horizontal advection plays a dominant role in the remarkable cooling of the eastern region, in which zonal and meridional advections have the same sign of anomaly. However, in the western region in 1994 no any specialty was shown as compared with other years, for the SST anomaly is not positive in large part of this region. All these imply that the eastern and western regions may be related in a quite complex way and have many differences in dynamics. Further study is needed.

Effects of water temperature and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

A 3×3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effects of water temperature (22 ℃, 27℃ and 32℃) and dietary carbohydrate (CBH) levels (15.47%, 29.15% and 41.00%) on growth, food consumption, feed efficiency, apparent digestibility coefficient and energy budget of juvenile Lito- penaeus vannamei. The results showed that, at each dietary CBH level, specific growth rate, food con- sumption and apparent digestibility coefficient generally increased, while feed efficiency decreased with increasing water temperatures. Specific growth rate and food consumption were the highest in the shrimps fed with diet of 29.15% CBH, closely followed by those with 15.47% CBH, and those with 41.00% CBH had the lowest value.

Soil Water Balance Measurement in Field Scale

A 5-year experiment on water balance has been conducted in a flat rainfed wheat field with an area of 66 × 100 m2 in Fengqiu, Henan Province in China. Based on the analysis of semi-variance functions conducted with soil moisture samples taken from 77 nodes of a 10 × 10m2 grid, the soil moisture distribution in the field was structural with a temporal stability. According to the autocorrelation range of the semi-variance function, S sites were selected for the determination of soil water conditions. The characteristic of probability density function of the differences of water storage in two sets of measurements showed that the distribution of these variables in the field was a normal one. The error in the estimation of the average of S random samples was 14% (α = 0.10), and the errors of water consumption by wheat during the experiments were estimated to be 6-13%.Since the experimental field was large enough to avoid any edge effect, the results obtained should tally with the actual situation. Yet the soil system was heterogeneous, so we must follow the principles of statistics and geostatistics when describing the system 's status with the average of the samples.

Ultrafine Fraction and Aerosol Attached Activity Size Distribution of Radon Progeny in Living Room

Inhalation of 222Rn progeny in the domestic environment contributes the greatest fraction of the natural radiation exposure to the public. The ultrafine activity of these progeny amounts up to about l 0 percent of the total activity （attached and ultrafine）, but is considered to yield about 50 percent of the total radiation dose. Therefore, measurements of ultrafine fraction are essential for the estimation of radiation dose. The current study presents measured data on the total equilibrium equivalent concentration （EEC） and ultrafine equilibrium equivalent concentration （EECUn）, ultrafine fraction （fb）, attached and unattached activity size distributions of radon progeny in the low ventilated rooms at Minia University, Minia city, Egypt. A screen diffusion battery was used for collection the ultrafine fraction and measuring the total activity concentration of radon progeny. The attached activity size distribution of 214pb is determined by using a low pressure cascade impactor. The EEC of radon progeny varied between 1.3 and 18.9 Bq/m3 with a mean value of 5.2 ± 0.48 Bq/m2. The mean activity thermodynamic diameter （AMTD） ofultrafine of radon progeny was determined to be 1.26 nm with relative mean geometric standard deviations （GSD） of 1.3. The ultrafine fraction of radon progeny, fb, has a range 0.01 to 0.21 with an average of 0.08 ± 0.03. A relative mean GSD of 2.7 was determined for attached 2Lapb at a mean active median aerodynamic diameter （AMD） of 350 nm. Based on the above experimental results, the deposition fractions have been evaluated in each air way generation through the human lung by applying a lung deposition model. The bronchial deposition efficiencies of particles in the size range of attached radon progeny were found to be lower than those of ultrafine progeny. The effect of radon progeny deposition by adult male has been also studied for various levels of physical exertion. The dose conversion factor has been discussed as a function of fb.

Measurement and Correlation for Solubility of Adipic Acid in Several Solvents

Using a laser detecting system, solubility data were measured for adipic acid dissolved in six pure solvents, namely, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, acetic acid, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide at the temperature range from 293.15K to 353.15K. All these data were regressed by 2h, NRTL, Wilson, and the modified Wilson models. For the study of six, 2h, NRTL, and the modified Wilson models were found to provide an accurate mathematical representation of the experimental results, with overall average absolute relative deviations between measured and calculated values as 1.74%, 2.06%, and 3.06%, respectively. The results showed that the λh model is the most suitable for description of the solid-liquid equilibrium containing adipic acid.

Effects of Periodical Salinity Fluctuation on the Growth, Molting, Energy Homeostasis and Molting-Related Gene Expression of Litopenaeus vannamei

To determine the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to periodical salinity fluctuation, a 30-day experiment was conducted in laboratory. In this experiment, two salinity fluctuation amplitudes of 4(group S4) and 10(group S10) were designed. The constant salinity of 30(group S0) was used as the control. Levels of shrimp growth, molting frequency(MF), cellular energy status(ATP, ADP and AMP), as well as the expression of genes encoding molt-inhibiting hormone(MIH), crustacean hyperglycemic hormone(CHH), ecdysteroid-regulated protein(ERP), and energy-related AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) were determined. The results showed that periodical salinity fluctuation significantly influenced all indicators except MF which ranged from 13.3% in group S10 to15.4% in group S4. In comparison with shrimps cultured at the constant salinity of 30, those in group S4 showed a significant elevation in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, cellular energy status, ERP and MIH gene transcript abundance, and a significant reduction in CHH and AMPK transcript abundance(P < 0.05). However, salinity fluctuation of 10 only resulted in a significant variation in MIH and CHH gene expression when compared to the control(P < 0.05). According to our findings, L. vannamei may be highly capable of tolerating salinity fluctuation. When ambient salinity fluctuated at approx. 4, the increased MF and energy stores in organisms may aid to promoting shrimp growth.

Implementation Study of Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm of Parallel Tree Computation on Clusters of Heterogeneous Workstation

The rapid growth of interconnected high performance workstations has produced a new computing paradigm called clustered of workstations computing. In these systems load balance problem is a serious impediment to achieve good performance. The main concern of this paper is the implementation of dynamic load balancing algorithm, asynchronous Round Robin (ARR), for balancing workload of parallel tree computation depth-first-search algorithm on Cluster of Heterogeneous Workstations (COW) Many algorithms in artificial intelligence and other areas of computer science are based on depth first search in implicitty defined trees. For these algorithms a load-balancing scheme is required, which is able to evenly distribute parts of an irregularly shaped tree over the workstations with minimal interprocessor communication and without prior knowledge of the tree’s shape. For the (ARR) algorithm only minimal interprocessor communication is needed when necessary and it runs under the MPI (Message passing interface) that allows parallel execution on heterogeneous SUN cluster of workstation platform. The program code is written in C language and executed under UNIX operating system (Solaris version).

Crop Evapotranspiration Estimation through the,Use of Satellite Images

An efficient water use requires accurate estimations of crop ET （evapotranspiration）. However, an accurate ET estimation is really difficult to achieve when big regions such as irrigation districts or complete watersheds are involved. Satellite images are an alternative that can be used to estimate accurate crop ET for big regions. In the present study, two known methods were used to estimate crop ET, the METRIC model which was developed by the University of Idaho and a Kc-NDVI relationship. In the METRIC model, ET is estimated as a residual of the energy balance equation. The second method uses reference ET, and estimates a crop coefficient （K,.） as a linear function of the NDVI vegetation index. ET was estimated in a section of the Rio Mayo Irrigation District located in Sonora, Mexico using Landsat 7 satellite images. Crop ET of the main crops was estimated. Results show some differences between both methods. An average ET depth of 460 mm for the wheat average growing season was found when using METRIC, while an average ET depth of 421 mm was found when using the Kc-NDVI relationship. A water use total efficiency of 62% and 63% was found for METRIC and the Kc-NDVI relationship, respectively.

A Two-Dimensional Brans—Dicke Star Model with Exotic Matter and Dark Energy

A two-dimensional Brans-Dicke star model with exotic matter and dark energy is studied in this paper,the field equation and balance equation are derived at finite temperature,the analytic solutions of these equations canbe used to calculate the mass of star.In addition,we find that star's mass has a minimum when matter state parameterγ→0.

Estimation of the Land Surface Emissivity in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

An accurate accounting of land surface emissivity(ε) is important both for the retrieval of surface temperatures and the calculation of the longwave surface energy budgets.Since ε is one of the important parameterizations in land surface models(LSMs),accurate accounting also improves the accuracy of surface temperatures and sensible heat fluxes simulated by LSMs.In order to obtain an accurate emissivity,this paper focuses on estimating ε from data collected in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert by two different methods.In the first method,ε was derived from the surface broadband emissivity in the 8–14 μm thermal infrared atmospheric window,which was determined from spectral radiances observed by field measurements using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,the mean ε being 0.9051.The second method compared the observed and calculated heat fluxes under nearneutral atmospheric stability and estimated ε indirectly by minimizing the root-mean-square difference between them.The result of the second method found a mean value of 0.9042,which is consistent with the result by the first method.Although the two methods recover ε from different field experiments and data,the difference of meanvalues is 0.0009.The first method is superior to the indirect method,and is also more convenient.

Level Width Broaden Effect

In fitting the double-differential measurements thelevelwidth broadening effect should be taken into account properly due to Heisenberg uncertainty.Besides level width broadening effect the energy resolution in the measurements is also needed in this procedure.In general,the traditional normal Gaussian expansion is employed.However,the research indicates that to do so in this way the energy balance could not hold.For this reason,the deformed Gaussian expansion functions with exponential form for both the single energy point and continuous spectrum are introduced,with which the normalization and energy balance conditions could hold exactly in the analytical form.

Analysis of surface temperature bias over the Tibetan plateau in the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model

The Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System atmospheric component model(FGOALS-f3-L)participated in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,but its reproducibility of surface temperature(T_(s))over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)as a key climatically sensitive region remains unclear.This study evaluates the capability of FGOALS-f3-L in reproducing the climatological T_(s)over the TP relative to the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis.The results show that FGOALS-f3-L can reasonably capture the spatial pattern of T_(s)but underestimates the annual mean T_(s)for the whole TP.The simulated T_(s)for the whole TP shows a cold bias in winter and spring and a warm bias in summer and autumn.Further quantitative analysis based on the surface energy budget equation shows that the surface albedo feedback(SAF)term strongly contributes to the annual,winter,and spring mean cold bias in the western TP and to the warm bias in the eastern TP.Compared with the SAF term,the surface sensible and latent heat flux terms make nearly opposite contributions to the T_(s)bias and considerably offset the bias due to the SAF term.The cloud radiative forcing term strongly contributes to the annual and seasonal mean weak cold bias in the eastern TP.The longwave radiation term associated with the overestimated water vapor content accounts for a large portion of the warm bias over the whole TP in summer and autumn.Improving land surface and cloud processes in FGOALS-f3-L is critical to reduce the T_(s)bias over the TP.

Effects of temperature acclimation on body mass and energy budget in the Chinese bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis

Chinese bulbuls （Pycnonotus sinensis） are small passerine birds that inhabit areas of central, southern and eastern China. Previous observations suggest that flee-living individuals of this species may change their food intake in response to seasonal changes in ambient temperature. In the present study, we randomly assigned Chinese bulbuls to either a 30 ~C or 10 ~C group, and measured their body mass （BM）, body temperature, gross energy intake （GEl）, digestible energy intake （DEI）, and the length and mass of their digestive tracts over 28 days of acclimation at these temperatures. As predicted, birds in the 30 ℃ group had lower body mass, GEI and DEI relative to those in the 10 ℃ group. The length and mass of the digestive tract was also lower in the 30 ℃ group and trends in these parameters were positively correlated with BM, GEl and DEI. These results suggest that Chinese bulbuls reduced their absolute energy demands at relatively high temperatures by decreasing their body mass, GEI and DEI, and digestive tract size.

The Sorption Isosteric Heats of Rough Rice in China

Equilibrium moisture content （EMC） data for rough rice of thirteen Chinese varieties were obtained by static gravimetric method at five different temperatures （10, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃） and 11% to 96% equilibrium relative humidity （ERH）. Six models, i.e., Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer, Modified Chung-Pfost （MCPE）, Modified Henderson, Modified Oswin, and Strohman-Yoerger （STYE） fitted the EMC/ERH data based on the coefficient of determination, residue sum-of-squares, standard error of estimate, and mean relative percent error. The best fitted equations were MCPE and STYE, but MCPE is three-parameter, readily transformed equation and adopted in this study. The isosteric heats for both rough rice desorption and adsorption, and for both the sorption of Japonica and Indica rice, decreased rapidly with an increase in seed moisture content （m.c.） until the m.c. of 20% dry basis （d.b.） reached, and thereafter they decreased smoothly with increasing moisture content. The isosteric heats of rough rice desorption were higher than those of adsorption below the m.c. of 22.5% d.b., but thereafter, there was no significant difference found between desorption and adsorption. The sorption isosteric heats of Indica rice were slightly higher than those of Japonica rice under all moisture contents at a constant temperature. These results provide a sound basis for future work on the drying and storage of rice.

A Dynamic Load Balancing Method of Cloud-Center Based on SDN

In order to balancing based on data achieve dynamic load flow level, in this paper, we apply SDN technology to the cloud data center, and propose a dynamic load balancing method of cloud center based on SDN. The approach of using the SDN technology in the current task scheduling flexibility, accomplish real-time monitoring of the service node flow and load condition by the OpenFlow protocol. When the load of system is imbalanced, the controller can allocate globally network resources. What＇s more, by using dynamic correction, the load of the system is not obvious tilt in the long run. The results of simulation show that this approach can realize and ensure that the load will not tilt over a long period of time, and improve the system throughput.

Mass Balance of Major Elements in Relation to Weathering in Soils Developed on Igneous Rocks in a Semiarid Region,Northwestern Iran

This study was conducted to evaluate the weathering intensity of the major soils developed on igneous rocks in semiarid region of northwestern Iran.Eight parent materials were selected including monzodiorite,alkali granite,granodiorite,syenite,pyroxene diorite,hornblende andesite,pyroxene andesite,and dacite.Representative soil profiles were described and soil samples were collected and analyzed for selected chemical and physical properties and total concentrations of major elements and Zr,V,Ti and Y.Bulk densities as well as Ti,Zr and V concentrations were used to estimate the strain factors and mass balance equations were used to quantify the net result of pedogenic weathering,i.e.elemental loss and gain.The results of clay content and pedogenic iron variability as well as index of compositional variability(ICV),chemical index of alteration(CIA) and,A-CN-K and MFW ternary plots showed that the soils developed on volcanic rocks(hornblende andesite> pyroxene andesite> dacite) were more weathered than those on the plutonic parent rocks(alkali granite,granodiorite,monzodiorite,syenite,pyroxene diorite).The results of mass balance calculations based on the strain factors revealed that the Ca and Na depleted during weathering progress mostly from plagioclase grains.In the semiarid regions Ca is precipitated as pedogenic calcite in the soil horizons.K and Mg depletion is less than Ca and Na especially in the profiles on the hornblende andesite with the highest clay and LOI content.The results of this study clearly suggest that the behavior of K and Mg during the weathering cannot only be explained by the disintegration of the primary minerals,since they are fixed on the secondary clay minerals.Iron did not change in the soils compared to the parent material and was precipitated as the pedogenic iron and conserved in the soil horizons.Overall,the results on the weathering indicators and major elements mass balance enrichment/depletion in the study area confirmed that the soil profiles developed on volcanic rocks are more weathered than those on the plutonic igneous rocks.

多复变Hartogs域上的度量与刚性

本文主要涉及几类多复变Hartogs域上的度量与刚性.首先讨论有界对称域上的Hartogs域与其典则度量相关的加权Bergman核的展开式以及该典则度量为平衡度量的充要条件.其次给出几类多复变Hartogs域(如华罗庚域、Fock-Bargmann-Hartogs域和五面块(pentablock))上逆紧全纯映射的刚性结果.

The global response of temperature to high-latitude vegetation greening in a two-dimensional energy balance model

The relationship between vegetation greening and climate change remains unclear due to its complexity, especially in drylands. Against the background of global warming, arid and semi-arid areas, including mid-latitude deserts, are most sensitive to climate change. In recent decades, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between vegetation greening and climate change have been widely discussed in the literature. However, the influence of vegetation greening in high latitudes on regional climate has not been fully studied. In this paper, a two-dimensional energy balance model was used to study the influence of greening in high latitudes on mid-latitude deserts. The authors found that when greening occurs in high latitudes, the mid-latitude desert recedes at the south boundary, while the polar ice belt and low-latitude vegetation belt both expand. Simultaneously, greening in high latitudes can induce a negative temperature anomaly in northern latitudes and a positive temperature anomaly in southern latitudes. The mid-latitude desert expands at its north and south boundaries until the CO2 concentration reaches 600 ppm(saturated state). The greening in high latitudes could result in a lower global-mean temperature in the ‘saturated’ state, due to the stronger cooling in high latitudes.